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Course: CS 578, Fall 2009School: USC
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Lecture3 CopyrightRichardN.Taylor,NenadMedvidovic,andEricM.Dashofy.Allrightsreserved. Software BasicConcepts SoftwareArchitecture Architecture Foundations, Theory, and Practice WhatisSoftwareArchitecture? Definition: x Asoftwaresystemsarchitectureisthesetof principaldesigndecisionsaboutthesystem Softwarearchitectureistheblueprintforasoftware systemsconstructionandevolution...
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Lecture3
CopyrightRichardN.Taylor,NenadMedvidovic,andEricM.Dashofy.Allrightsreserved.
Software BasicConcepts
SoftwareArchitecture Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
WhatisSoftwareArchitecture?
Definition: x Asoftwaresystemsarchitectureisthesetof principaldesigndecisionsaboutthesystem Softwarearchitectureistheblueprintforasoftware systemsconstructionandevolution Designdecisionsencompasseveryfacetofthe systemunderdevelopment x Structure x Behavior x Interaction x Nonfunctionalproperties
2
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
WhatisPrincipal?
Principalimpliesadegreeofimportancethatgrantsa designdecisionarchitecturalstatus x Itimpliesthatnotalldesigndecisionsarearchitectural x Thatis,theydonotnecessarilyimpactasystems architecture Howonedefinesprincipalwilldependonwhatthe stakeholdersdefineasthesystemgoals
3
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
OtherDefinitionsofSoftwareArchitecture
PerryandWolf x SoftwareArchitecture={Elements,Form,Rationale} whathowwhy ShawandGarlan x Softwarearchitecture[isalevelofdesignthat]involves thedescriptionofelementsfromwhichsystemsarebuilt, interactionsamongthoseelements, patternsthatguidetheircomposition,and constraintsonthesepatterns. Kruchten x Softwarearchitecturedealswiththedesignand implementationofthehighlevelstructureofsoftware. x Architecturedealswithabstraction,decomposition, composition,style,andaesthetics. 4
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
TemporalAspect
Designdecisionsareandunmadeoverasystems lifetime Architecturehasatemporalaspect Atanygivenpointintimethesystemhasonlyone architecture Asystemsarchitecturewillchangeovertime
5
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Prescriptivevs.DescriptiveArchitecture
Asystemsprescriptivearchitecturecapturesthedesign decisionsmadepriortothesystemsconstruction x Itistheasconceivedorasintendedarchitecture Asystemsdescriptivearchitecturedescribeshowthe systemhasbeenbuilt x Itistheasimplementedorasrealizedarchitecture
6
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
AsDesignedvs.AsImplemented Architecture
7
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
AsDesignedvs.AsImplemented Architecture
8
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
AsDesignedvs.AsImplemented Architecture
Which architecture is correct? Are the two architectures consistent with one another? What criteria are used to establish the consistency between the two architectures? On what information is the answer to the preceding questions based?
9
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ArchitecturalEvolution
Whenasystemevolves,ideallyitsprescriptive architectureismodifiedfirst Inpractice,thesystemandthusitsdescriptive architectureisoftendirectlymodified Thishappensbecauseof x Developersloppiness x Perceptionofshortdeadlineswhichpreventthinking throughanddocumenting x Lackofdocumentedprescriptivearchitecture x Needordesireforcodeoptimizations x Inadequatetechniquesortoolsupport 10
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ArchitecturalDegradation
Tworelatedconcepts x Architecturaldrift x Architecturalerosion Architecturaldriftisintroductionofprincipaldesign decisionsintoasystemsdescriptivearchitecturethat x arenotincludedin,encompassedby,orimplied bytheprescriptivearchitecture x butwhichdonotviolateanyoftheprescriptive architecturesdesigndecisions Architecturalerosionistheintroductionof architecturaldesigndecisionsintoasystems descriptivearchitecturethatviolateitsprescriptive architecture
11
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ArchitecturalRecovery
Ifarchitecturaldegradationisallowedtooccur,onewill beforcedtorecoverthesystemsarchitecturesooneror later Architecturalrecoveryistheprocessofdetermininga softwaresystemsarchitecturefromitsimplementation levelartifacts Implementationlevelartifactscanbe x Sourcecode x Executablefiles x Java.classfiles
12
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ImplementationLevelViewofan Application
13
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ImplementationLevelViewofan Application
Complex and virtually incomprehensible!
14
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Deployment
Asoftwaresystemcannotfulfillitspurposeuntilitis deployed x Executablemodulesarephysicallyplacedonthe hardwaredevicesonwhichtheyaresupposedto run Thedeploymentviewofanarchitecturecanbe criticalinassessingwhetherthesystemwillbeable tosatisfyitsrequirements Possibleassessmentdimensions x Availablememory x Powerconsumption x Requirednetworkbandwidth
15
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ASystemsDeploymentArchitectural Perspective
C_Display Manager
Commander
Soldier
Asymmetric
C_Troops c Manager
di er tt ue b im r tm s iy DS SD yi ms t mr i b eu tt r ie cd
S_Display Manager
Asymmetric
S_Troops Manager
Asymmetric
C_Data Repository C_ App Manager
Dis tributed A s y mmetric
Dis tributed A s y mmetric
Distributed Asymmetric Display Manager
D e cision Module Asymme tr ic Of f e nsiv e St rat egy D e f ens iv e St rat egy
Strategy Analyzer
Asymmetric c i r t e m eployment D m y Advisor S Asymmetric Deployment Strategies Repository
Simulation Agent
Asymme tr ic
Data Repository Headquarters
16
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
SoftwareArchitecturesElements
Asoftwaresystemsarchitecturetypicallyisnot(and shouldnotbe)auniformmonolith Asoftwaresystemsarchitectureshouldbea compositionandinterplayofdifferentelements x Processing x Data,alsoreferredasinformationorstate x Interaction
17
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Components
Elementsthatencapsulateprocessinganddataina systemsarchitecturearereferredtoassoftware components Definition x Asoftwarecomponentisanarchitecturalentitythat encapsulatesasubsetofthesystemsfunctionality and/ordata restrictsaccesstothatsubsetviaanexplicitly definedinterface hasexplicitlydefineddependenciesonitsrequired executioncontext Componentstypicallyprovideapplicationspecificservices
18
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Connectors
Incomplexsystemsinteractionmaybecomemore importantandchallengingthanthefunctionalityofthe individualcomponents Definition x Asoftwareconnectorisanarchitecturalbuilding blocktaskedwitheffectingandregulating interactionsamongcomponents Inmanysoftwaresystemsconnectorsareusually simpleprocedurecallsorshareddataaccesses x Muchmoresophisticatedandcomplexconnectors arepossible! Connectorstypicallyprovideapplicationindependent interactionfacilities
19
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ExamplesofConnectors
Procedurecallconnectors Sharedmemoryconnectors Messagepassingconnectors Streamingconnectors Distributionconnectors Wrapper/adaptorconnectors
20
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Configurations
Componentsandconnectorsarecomposedinaspecific wayinagivensystemsarchitecturetoaccomplishthat systemsobjective Definition x Anarchitecturalconfiguration,ortopology,isasetof specificassociationsbetweenthecomponentsand connectorsofasoftwaresystemsarchitecture
21
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
AnExampleConfiguration
C_ Display Manager S_Display Manager
Asymmetric
C_ Troops Manager
c i r t e m m y S
Asymmetric
S_Troops Manager
Asymmetric Display Manager
C_ Data Repository C _App Manager
D e c is ion Module Asymme tr ic O f f e ns iv e St ra t e gy D e f e ns iv e St ra t e gy
Strategy Analyzer
Asymmetric c i r t e mDepl oyment m y Advisor S Asymmetric Deployment Strategies Repository
Simulation Agent
Asymme tr ic
Data Repository
22
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ArchitecturalStyles
Certaindesignchoicesregularlyresultinsolutionswithsuperior properties x Comparedtootherpossiblealternatives,solutionssuchasthis aremoreelegant,effective,efficient,dependable,evolvable, scalable,andsoon Definition x Anarchitecturalstyleisanamedcollectionofarchitectural designdecisionsthat areapplicableinagivendevelopmentcontext constrainarchitecturaldesigndecisionsthatarespecifictoa particularsystemwithinthatcontext elicitbeneficialqualitiesineachresultingsystem
23
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ArchitecturalPatterns
Definition x Anarchitecturalpatternisasetofarchitectural designdecisionsthatareapplicabletoarecurring designproblemandparameterizedtoaccountfor differentsoftwaredevelopmentcontextsinwhich thatproblemappears Awidelyusedpatterninmoderndistributedsystems isthethreetieredsystempattern x Science x Banking x Ecommerce x Reservationsystems
24
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ThreeTieredPattern
FrontTier
x
MiddleTier
x
Containstheuserinterfacefunctionalitytoaccessthe systemsservices Containstheapplicationsmajorfunctionality Containstheapplicationsdataaccessandstorage functionality
25
BackTier
x
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ArchitecturalModels,Views,and Visualizations
ArchitectureModel x Anartifactdocumentingsomeorallofthe architecturaldesigndecisionsaboutasystem ArchitectureVisualization x Awayofdepictingsomeorallofthearchitectural designdecisionsaboutasystemtoastakeholder ArchitectureView x Asubsetofrelatedarchitecturaldesigndecisions
26
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
ArchitecturalProcesses
Architecturaldesign Architecturemodelingandvisualization Architecturedrivensystemanalysis Architecturedrivensystemimplementation Architecturedrivensystemdeployment,runtime redeployment,andmobility Architecturebaseddesignfornonfunctionalproperties, includingsecurityandtrust Architecturaladaptation
27
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
StakeholdersinaSystemsArchitecture
Architects Developers Testers Managers Customers Users Vendors
28
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