regulates EPA- air pollution Heat dome and inversion layers Heat dome- Heated air around city from buildings/industry/concrete/no trees, cap forms because air can no longer mix -an effect of the hot surfaces and pollution Inversion Layer Theres diffs in temperatures which is preventing the air from mixing and diffusing. The pollutants cant diffuse into the environment and concentrate. -Air above ocean is cooler, blows over land. It pushes warm air above Pollution from city is trapped below the cool layer -Mountains-cool air from mountain top, sinks into the valley and creates inversion layer Superfund- under surpla (act that brought to light idea of superfund sites) now mandating that these hazardous waste sites get cleaned up Any gas station- brown field A lot of things on a site that could make it be a superfund site (a lot of hazardous waste) Ozone hole Hole in the ozone layer-caused by cfc There was a ban on it that is effective Ozone layer is different from climate change Capture smoke from the smokestack and pump underground (sequestration) coal is the most abundant and cheapest fossil fuel. Nobody knows how to live w/o it clean water act- know some of the 8 things brown shrimp and hypoxia zone: (runoff from agriculture- Mississippi river drainage) (eutrophication) algae, algae die and accumulate at bottom, decompose and other stuff eats algae, so much decomposition it sucks out all the oxygen in the water, now brown shrimp have no more oxygen to breathe. 2 options: die, or move out of hypoxic zone oligatrophic vs eutrophic:
oligatrophic: low productivity, clear, great lakes naturally oligatrophic- cold- hard to live there) ex) ppl with lake with barely any organisms- separated into 2 pieces with a lot of chemicals. See what chemicals increased productivity. (carbon and nitrogen=nothing) (carbon, nitrogen, phosphors made it become eutrophic) so phosphorus is most important nutrient for freshwater systems. Lakes in tropics-naturally eutrophic Dissolved oxygen- how much is there BOD how much organisms need If sealed off room with 100 ppl in it, ther would be a high BOD demand How water and water pollution have been represented in policy- 3 water bills: Clean Water Act, farm bill,
Relative deprivation: because of globalization, can see other ppls wealth more easily. Idea that people feel more deprived when they see how other ppl hare better off than them. Energy in the future: Renewable potential < fossil fuels Great paradox in china: Relates economics of climate change development -even we if start creating all these renewable energy sources, well still have a hurdle to hook the energy source up to the grid- how are we actually getting those out to certain people, etc decomposing organisms produce methane hydropower: -no fossil fuel use, air pollution -irrigation -flood control -but also really alter ecosystem and habitat of river relate to climate change examples of thermal pollution:
-runoff from factories -anything related to cause of air pollution: -Buning of fossil fuels -Industrial processes (dont need to get specific like mining, developing world, heat dome) the Hack Index: walk down from mountains and when hit smog, start coughing
WEDGES for improvements in CO2: have increasing rate of CO2, wedges: if we make one change, we can reduce the CO2 by this much keep adding wedges, have cumulative effect and get to target example of wedge: reduce transportation regulations on emissions, clean coal technology, reduce deforestation, trees as a sink: trees soak up CO2 globalization: absolute advantage- we can do one thing better than china, they can do one thing better than us. Only have one option, choose the thing you do best. comparitive advantage- were better than china at 2 things, we only have enough resources to do one- so we do the one were a lot better at. MIDWEST CLIMATE CHANGE READINGS**** Because of global warming- water is evaporating AND rising Rising happening in sea and oceans, being fed by all of the other lakes,rivers, glacial water In Michigan reading, climate change down to small scale. If affects lakes in Michigan through water level decrease because it is a water with boundaries- higher rate of evaporation Controlling air pollution:
Building taller smokestacks: Fixes problem in LOCAL area by removing pollution to other areas Globalization slide of shrinking tree: big tree to little tree- shows shrinking trend of available land area pinpointing globalization as a factor of land reduction over time Lost global fisheries, more carbon, deforestation, race to the bottom- company has incentives to have cheap regulation These uncertainties mean we need to be specific in how were going to measure what the impacts are Assimilative capacity: ability of environment to absorb whatever youre putting into it, w/o seriously affecting the environment Long time ago, ppl could put everything in Mississippi river and it was ok, now, have exceeded limit of Mississippi river to process the CO2 CO2- weve exceeded the assimilative capacity of the environment to process it.