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8 Pages
HeatandTemperature Lab
Course: CHEM 112, Spring 2011School: CUNY Hunter
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Word Count: 2007
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and Core2,HeatandTemperature 28 Heat Temperature 100degreesinNewYork,105degreesinDallas,115degreesinPhoenix.Weall know how hot it can be in our cities, and we all know that we measure heat by temperature.Butistemperaturetheonlyfactorinvolvedinmeasuringheat?Areheatand temperaturejustsynonymsforeachother?Andwhatexactlyisheatanyway;isitathing...
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and Core2,HeatandTemperature
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Heat Temperature
100degreesinNewYork,105degreesinDallas,115degreesinPhoenix.Weall know how hot it can be in our cities, and we all know that we measure heat by temperature.Butistemperaturetheonlyfactorinvolvedinmeasuringheat?Areheatand temperaturejustsynonymsforeachother?Andwhatexactlyisheatanyway;isitathing wecantouchordowejusttalkaboutitthatway(i.e.Theheatiskillingmeormy roomkeepstheheatintoomuch)?Inthisactivityyouwillfindthatthereisarichness to these words that you might not realize. As physical scientists (as chemistry and physicsstudents),youwilltakeanextraordinarilyobviousqualitativerelationshipand thenexperimentallydeterminethequantitativerelationshipthatmustexistbetweenheat andtemperature.Soletsgethotandexploretheseconceptsandtheirrelationship.
Core2,HeatandTemperature
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FOCUSQUESTION:
Whatisthemathematicalrelationship betweenheatabsorbedbyasubstance andthetemperatureriseofthesubstance?
First,LastandAlways
1.Animportantlawofthechemistrylabis:Hotglasswarelooksthesameas glasswareatroomtemperature.Inotherwords,becarefulaboutburning yourselfonobjectsthatyoumightthinkaresafetotouch. 2.Cornoilwillbecollectedinalabeledbeakerunderthehoodforrecycling.
cornoil
APreLabChecklist
CompletetheWarmUpActivity. MakePhotocopyofWarmUptohandin.
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Core2,HeatandTemperature SummarizeorFlowDiagramProcedure.
MakePhotocopyofSummarytohandin.
WarmUp:
Sinceweallhaveideasabouthownatureworks,itisagoodideatoexpress themtoseeiftheyarecorrect.Belowisyourchancetotellmewhatyouknow andwhatyoudontknow.Ifyoudontknow,thenwriteIdontknow.You willbegradedoncompletingthewarmupnotonthenumberofcorrect responses. 1)Whatfunctionalrelationshipdoyouexpectbetweenquantityofheat deliveredandthelengthoftimetheheatisbeingdelivered.(Doyouexpectthe relationshiptobedirectlyproportional,proportional,inverselyproportional,or someotherrelationship.Youdonothavetoknowtherightanswerherejust thinkaboutitandwritedownwhatyouthinkseemsreasonable.) 2)Whatfunctionalrelationshipdoyouexpectbetweenthetimetheheating mantleisonandthetemperatureofthematerial?(Again,directlyproportional, inverselyproportional,etc.) 3)Whatfunctionalrelationshipdoyouexpectbetweenthetimetheheating mantleisonandtheamountofthematerial? 4)Supposetwosubstances(likewaterandcornoil)absorbthesameamountof heat.Doyouthinkthetemperatureriseofthetwosubstanceswillbethesame? Thinkofanexamplefromyourexperiencethatsupportsyourcontention.Can youthinkofanexamplethatappearstocontradictyouranswer?
Core2,HeatandTemperature
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TheDetails:
1.Inordertosuccessfullyanswerthefocusquestion,itmightbeeasiertocontemplatesome morerefinedquestionswhileperformingthelabactivity.Theyare: a)Doesthemathematicalrelationshipbetweenthequantityofheatdeliveredtoa substanceandthetemperatureincreaseofthesubstancedependupontheamountofsubstance present? b)Doesthisrelationshipdependuponthetypeofsubstancepresent? 2.Toanswerthefocusquestionsquantitatively,youneedtomeasurethechangeintemperature ofdifferentsubstances(wewillusewaterandcornoil)asauniformamountofheatisadded.We willheatthetwoliquidswithaheatingmantleandmeasurethetemperatureriseatdifferenttime intervals.Wecanalsovarythemassoftheliquids(orthevolumeoftheliquids)anddetermine thequantitativerelationshipbetweenheatinput(timeofheating)andamountofmaterial.Lets beginbyweighingaclean,dryroundbottomflask.Useacorkringtostabilizetheroundbottom flaskonthebalance. 3.Addabout50mloftheliquid(waterorcornoil)totheflaskanddeterminethemassofthe liquid. 4.Preheattheheatingmantleforabout3minutesatabout15%power. 5.Youshouldhaveathermometerwithanattachedrubberstopperthatcanfitintothe100mL roundbottomflask.Becauseitispotentiallydangerous,yourinstructorwillshowyouhowto movetherubberstopperalongthethermometer.Clampthethermometertotheringstandand placeitcarefullyintheliquidintheroundbottomflask.Therubberstoppershouldnotbetightly fittedintotheflaskbutshouldjustlayuponthemouthoftheflask.Puttheflaskintheheating mantleandrecordthetemperatureoftheliquidandvarioustimeintervals.Takewhateverdata seemsreasonable:eithermeasurethetemperatureatfixedtimeintervalsormeasurethetimeat fixedtemperatures.Toguideyouinyourdatacollection,askyourselfwhatgooddatais.Note: Athightemperatures,theliquidwillrapidlyloseheattotheenvironment.Youdonthaveaway inthisexperimenttomeasurehowmuchheatisbeinglost,soyoushouldtrytokeepthisheat losstoaminimum.Onewayyoudothisistolaythestopperontheflask,butsomeheatwill escapethroughthewallsoftheflaskanyway.Athightemperatures,thisheatlossismuchmore severe.Therefore,youshouldcollectyourdataattemperaturesthatarenottoohot.(Whatstoo hot?Graphyourdataafteronerun,andtrytodecidewhetheryouhavegooddataornot.Ifnot, thentryadifferenttemperaturerangeonthenextrun.)Itmaybenecessarytochangethepower
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Core2,HeatandTemperature range.
ontheheatingmantletogetareasonablenumberofpointswithinyourchosentemperature 6.Repeattheabovemeasurementsforanotheradditionalamountofliquid.Pouroutthehotoilor water(savetheoil),andrefilltheroundbottomflaskwith75mLofthesameliquidandweigh theflaskcontainingyourliquid.Repeattheaboveprocedureandcollecttemperaturevstime data.Reuseanycooledoil. 7.Repeattheabovemeasurementsforanotheradditionalamountofliquid.Pouroutthehotoilor water(savetheoil),andrefilltheroundbottomflaskwith100mLofthesameliquidandweigh theflaskcontainingyourliquid.Repeattheaboveprocedureandcollecttemperaturevstime data.Reuseanycooledoil. 8.Repeattheentireprocedurewithasecondliquid. 9.Tofacilitatecompletingthelabinonelabperiod,splityourteaminhalfwithhalftheteam usingthecornoilandtheotherhalfusingwater.Trytocollectatleasttwotimerunsforeach substanceandforeachamountofsubstance. 10.Generateatemperaturevstimeplotforeachsubstanceandeachamountofmaterial.Putall theplotsononegraph.Ifyouhavetime,dothisinlab.
Core2,HeatandTemperature
33
APostLabChecklist
Makesurethefollowingisinyournotebook: CorrectNotebookformat. Descriptionsofallsubstancesused. Massofdryroundbottomflask. Massofroundbottomflaskand50mLofcornoil/water. Temperaturevstimedatafor50mLcornoil/waterintable form. Massofroundbottomflaskand75mLofcornoil/water. Temp.vstimedatafor75mLofcornoil/waterintable form. Massofroundbottomflaskand100mLofcornoil/water. Temperaturevstimedatafor100mLcornoil/waterintable form. SixTemperaturevstimeplotsononegraphandequations. DiscusshowYourGroupidentified"GoodData." AnswertheFocusQuestion.
Fornow,donotattempttoanswerthefocusquestion.Thefollowingseriesof postlabquestionswillhelpyouunderstandtherelationshipbetweenheatand temperature,andtherebyallowyoutoanswerthefocusquestionsuccessfully.
PostLabQuestions.
1.Examineallyourplotsthatyouhavemade.Areyourplotslinear?Whatrole,if any,doyouthinkheatlossplayed?Obtainanequationthatyouthinkbest describeswhatyourgraphwouldhavelookedlikeintheabsenceofheatloss(of
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Core2,HeatandTemperature
course,ifheatlosswasnotasignificantfactor,thiswillbetheequationofyour actualgraph). 2.Letstakeamomentandgobacktothegaslawexperiment.Inthatactivity, youhadthreevariables(youplottedPagainstVatdifferenttemperatures).You reducedthesethreevariablestoatwovariableplotbygraphingPversusT/V. Now,inthisactivitywewantyoutoreduceyourTemperature(yaxis)vstime(x axis)graphatdifferentmassestoatwovariableplot.Thisplotmustbelinearso trywhatyouthinkmakessense.Obtainan equationfromthestraightline.Dothisforboththewaterandcornoil.Hint:keep Temperatureontheyaxisthesameandtrychangingthexaxis. 3.Thegoalofthisdataanalysisistogeneralizeyourresultsbywritinga mathematicalequationthatrelatesthequantityofheatinput(Q)tothespecific material,theamountofmaterial(mass,m)andthetemperaturerise(T)ofthe material.Todothis: a.Plotyourdataast(yaxis)vsT(xaxis),wheretisthetimeelapsed fromthebeginningofheatingofthesampleandTisTT0.(T0istheinitial temperature). b.Areyourplotslinear?Generateequationsforyourlines. c.Nowforeachsubstance,oilandwaterrespectively,reduceyourdatatoone lineagainbyfindinganewvariablethatincludesthemassofthematerial,and obtainanequationforthatplot.Usethemethodinquestion2tohelpyouand considerkeepingtheyaxis(t)thesame. d.Considertheequationsyouhavefrompartb.Realizethattheamountof heatinput(Q)intothesubstanceisproportionaltothechangeintime(t).Ifwe weretoleaveoutthetimevariable,couldyoufindaproportionalitythatinvolves Q,T,andmass?Turntheproportionalityintoanequationbyintroducinga proportionalityconstant.
Core2,HeatandTemperature
35
4.Letslookatwhatweknowanddontknow:Althoughwedontknowthe amountofheatdeliveredtotheliquidinagiventimeinterval,weareassuming thatthisamountof heatdeliveredisconstant.Letsdefinethefundamentalunitofheatastheamount ofheatneededtoraisethetemperatureof1gramofwater1degreeCelsius.This unitofheatiscalledthecalorie.Secondly,wehavegeneratedtwoequations,the firstinvolvest,m,T,andaconstantIwillcallk(theslopeoftheplot).The secondequationrelatesQ,m,T,andaconstantIwillcallc(theslopeofthe plot).Theunitsforcarecalledcalories.SohowcanIfindhowmanycalories weredeliveredtoonegramofwaterandoilduring theexperiments?Oneeasywayistodefinectobeequalto1forwateras mentionedabove.ThenIcanusethisandmygraphs(theplotthatrelatest,m, andTforoilandwater)tosetupaproportionbetweentheslopesandthe calories.ThereasonIcansetupsuchaproportionasseenbelowissincetis proportionaltoQ,thentheirslopeskandcareproportionaltoeachother.
slopeofH2OplotslopeofOilplot = cforwateris1cforoil Boththeslopescanbetakenfromtherespectiveplotsandsincecofthewateris known,Icansolvefortheotherc,thenumberofcaloriesofheatdeliveredto1 gramofoiltoraiseit1degreecelcius.Trythisforyourself. 5.Nowgobackandanswerthefocusquestion.
DescribeaNewInquiry:WHATIF?
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