of Forerunners functionalism:Francis Galton (1822-1911):-
Wealthy British family Notable grandfather=> Darwins cousin 2 and half years old he could read and write; he could read shake spear at 5 years old.
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He was trained as a physician, then in mathematics. He had varied interest => true resonance guy. He traveled to northeast Africa and to the middle east( Sudan and Egypt). He introduced high, low and front terms about the weather. He also introduced fingerprints are unique for identifiers. He studies prayer; he also studies boredom- looked at yawning. He reads origin of species (his cousins book).; he then works in math and statistics; he worked on normal curve but he did not invent it.
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Hes the first person to apply the normal curve to mental characteristics ( ex. Intelligence).
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Large set of measurements for human characteristics described by two things=> 1) mean 2) standard deviation ( tells about variability)
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He came up with regression towards the mean. Noticed it with pea plants=> parents had large peas and their off springs are bit smaller; he did the same with height of peas and their parents.
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He came up with the first formula for correlation: he was student of Karl Pearson. Pearson-product moment coefficient of correlation ( r)=> from regression.
Measurement of Intelligence:Galtons definition: - intelligence-> acuity- sensory how acute the five senses are=> he gets it from John Locke.
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Galton says intelligence is inherited! ; he also says that eminent ( people of influence) means have eminent sons
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He did research processes and findings; he studied physicians, lawyers, judges and politicians and he also studies their families- he found: working hard is not enough- he says you have to be born with intelligence.
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He published his book in 1869 Heredity Genius. Eugenics- self direction of human evolution: Eugenius-> improvement through selective breeding.
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He says general intelligence could be raised by encouraging the bright people to breed and by discouraging the less bright people from breeding.
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In 1865, Galton proposed that the government pay those with desirable characteristics to marry. He also proposed early marriages.
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His ideas were influential in Europe and the U.S. Hes the opposite of John Locke because Locke said people are born as blank slate of paper; and that you can become anything.
Galton on perspective:-
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He worked on individual differences; Eugenics highly influential Ironic factor about Galton=> he couldnt have kids pr his brother.
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Many firsts=> correlation, nature vs. nurture question, hes first to use quationaires, word association test, he said to improve schools in London.