EXAM FINAL STUDY GUIDE (Spring 09) CUMULATIVE PART (~150 points) 1) molarity problem, pH problem (definitions and be able to apply) 2) valence question what is valence, identify molecules with valence problems (incorrect bonding) 3) What is a hydrogen bond? Draw two water molecules and show the hydrogen bond that might form between them (use an arrow to point to the bond). What does hydrophilic mean? What does hydrophobic mean? 4) Name two processes in biology where hydrogen bonding is important. 5) Be able to name and recognize the four classes of macromolecules. Be able to draw a circle around one monomer and an arrow pointing to the bond that connects monomers in each. Be able to NAME the monomers and the bonds. 6) Understand water balance in plant and animal cells. What would happen to a red blood cell placed in pure water? What would happen to a plant cell in the same circumstance? Why? 7) What is similar about facilitated transport and active transport? What is different about the two processes? 8) Be able to draw a phospholipid bilayer and label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. What does hydrophobic mean? What does hydrophilic mean? 9) What is an enzyme? What class of macromolecules does it belong to? What makes it specific for a certain substrate? What does it mean to denature an enzyme? How does denaturation usually affect enzyme activity? 10) What is an allosteric an allosteric site? An allosteric activator? An allosteric inhibitor? How do these molecules alter the activity of an allosteric enzyme? 11) What is a metabolic pathway? What are the two major kinds of metabolic pathways and how do they differ from one another? 12) Be able to label the major organelles of a eukaryotic cell and know their function (label a diagram and also a couple of fill in the blank). Be able to tell a plant cell from an animal cell and the reasons why. 13) What is chemical oxidation? What is chemical reduction? Why is the term redox used? Be able to identify the more oxidized or reduced form of a molecule. 14) Respiration and photosynthesis - Know the overall chemical equation for each and the ultimate fate of each starting molecule. Explain simply how these two processes are opposite of each other and how they complement each other. 15) What is the major goal of respiration? 16) What is the major goal of photosynthesis? 17) What are the two stages of photosynthesis and how are they tied together? 18) What is chemiosmosis? (definition, where it occurs, how it works) 19) What is the structure of ATP (simple diagram with labeled parts)? How is this molecule used to do work in the cell? 20) Meiosis versus mitosis: What is the purpose of meiosis? What is the purpose of mitosis? Given the haploid (or diploid #) of the organism, be able to draw a cell of that organism in metaphase of mitosis, meiosis I or meiosis II (or to determine which of those three stages a cell is in based on a drawing of the cell in metaphase). 21) What two ways that cancer cells differ from normal cells with regard to the cell cycle? 22) What are homologous chromosomes? What is meant by the terms diploid haploid? and 23) Be able to do simple genetics problems:
A. monohybrid crosses punnett square analysis and chance of particular phenotype/genotype B. sex-linked genetic problem 24) Understand dominant vs. recessive and phenotype vs. genotype. What is a test cross? Be able to interpret data from a test cross. 25) What is the genetic material in cells? What is meant by semi-conservative replication? Given one strand of a DNA molecule, be able to draw in the complementary strand (antiparallel, base-pairing rules). How are the two strands of DNA held together? NEW MATERIAL (~50 pts) Chapter 17 Know the central dogma of molecular biology be able to briefly define the terms transcription and translation List three differences between DNA and RNA Terms for transcription: promoter, RNA polymerase, transcription factor, terminator Terms for translation: mRNA, codon, reading frame, stop codon, tRNA, anticodon, ribosome (small and large subunits), E site, P site, A site, release factor, Understand the sequence of events and briefly what happens during initiation, elongation and termination of translation (several multiple choice questions) Given a codon, determine the anticodon of the tRNA that would bind to it Control of gene expression What is an intron? What events happen to process the primary transcript of a gene to produce the mature mRNA? Splicing terms: intron, exon, split genes, spliceosome mRNA structure terms: 5cap, 5 untranslated region, 3 untranslated region (terms for transcription and translation covered in matching), poly-A tail microRNA terms: microRNA precursor, DICER, RISC Viruses (some of this covered in handout) What are the two parts of a simple virus (genome and shell). What class of macromolecules are these two parts composed of? (multiple choice) What four kinds of nucleic acid can serve as the genome of viruses? Name three things the host cell provides for the virus Host range for viruses (animal, plant, bacterial) broad versus narrow Understand the lytic versus the lysogenic life cycle of a bacteriophage. What happens in each stage? Three examples of animal viruses : Herpervirus, two different retroviruses (HIV and HTLV) Terms: retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, provirus All three of the animal viruses we talked about can insert their genomes into the human genome. Understand how each case is similar to or different from a lysogenic life cycle of a bacteriophage. Cancer What is cancer? What two major classes of protein coding genes are often mutated in cancer cells? What is an oncogene? A proto-oncogene? How does a ras mutation contribute to cancer development?
What is a tumor suppressor gene? What are two functions of p53 in normal cells? How are microRNAs related to cancer? Viroids and prions (handout) What is a viroid? Does it encode proteins? What is a prion? Give an example of a disease caused by a prion. What is the current model for how prions cause disease? Emerging viruses What are some examples of emerging viruses? Be able to briefly describe 3 processes that contribute to the emergence of new viruses