6 Week Questions
1.) How does the sodium gradient achieved by the pump facilitate
food acquisition (sugar) ?
Gradient means the concentration. Potassium (k) is going in and
sodium is going out (Na). We need this pump because we are running out of energy inside the cell2 Ks are coming in and 3 sodiums are going out. Net flow is one outside. High concentration of ions outside. Because the NA is knocking on the cell, the co-transport canal allows for the capture of sugar from outside to inside is used as energy. It is able to do this because the concentration outside is higher.
2.) Describe the Calcium pump. Which way does calcium go? Is energy required?
Calcium is getting pumped out. Because it is getting pumped
out it means that you need ATP--> ADP, so yes energy is required.
3.) Know which side (in or out) of every living prokaryotic cell has more hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and calcium.
A cell is going to have potassium in. it is going to pump sodium
out, and it is going to pump calcium out. Hydrogen is also going to be pumped out. This tells us where the concentration is highest. If it pumps it out, then concentration is going to be high outside and if it is pumped in then high concentration inside the cell. Potassium is the only one where concentration would be higher inside the cell 4.) What evolutionary crisis does glycolysis solve?
The energy crisis, because the all energy is being used inside
the cell. Basically it provides energy.
5.) Describe the first phase of glycolysis. What happens to the glucose molecule. Use the words, glucose, investment (what is invested?), phosphorylation, ATP, ADP, splitting, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Investment phase -starts is glucose -add a phosphate to the glucose- phophoralaztion- uses ATP - add another phosphate- uses ATP again - to split the glucose - the one on the left will convert to look like the one on the right. We used 2 molecules of ATP
6.) Describe the second phase of glycolysis. How does glyceraldehyde-3phosphate get phosphorylated without ATP? Use the words, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, NAD+, NADH, reduction, oxidation, ATP, ADP, harvesting, pyruvate.
7.) How does NAD+ get replenished? What is produced as a by-product, and what happens to the by-product?
NAD+ gets replenished by fermentation. Pyruvate oxidized
NADH to NAD+. This reaction gives us 2 products, Lactate and Ethanol. Lactate and ethanol diffuse freely out of the cell. NAD+ goes back into the beginning of the harvesting phase.
8.) How many ATPs does glycolysis of one glucose molecule net for the cell?
2 ATPs
9.) What new evolutionary crisis does glycolysis create?
Glucose is going to run out.
1.) Know how to find two RNA molecules in NAD+. Look for RNA, Base and phosphates. Look ate the slideshow for picture