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Lecture4BIO155BB

Course: BIO 155, Fall 2010
School: DePaul
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TheWorkingCell BIO155 JessicaPamment Overview Energyandthelawsofthermodynamics ATPandcellularwork Enzymes LawsofThermodynamics Anorganismtransformsmatterandenergy subjecttothelawsofthermodynamics 1stLaw:Energycanbetransformedand transferredbutitcantbedestroyed.Energyis conserved 2ndLaw:Asystemanditssurroundingalways proceedtoastateofmaximumentropy (disorder) The Laws of Thermodynamics Govern Energy...

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TheWorkingCell BIO155 JessicaPamment Overview Energyandthelawsofthermodynamics ATPandcellularwork Enzymes LawsofThermodynamics Anorganismtransformsmatterandenergy subjecttothelawsofthermodynamics 1stLaw:Energycanbetransformedand transferredbutitcantbedestroyed.Energyis conserved 2ndLaw:Asystemanditssurroundingalways proceedtoastateofmaximumentropy (disorder) The Laws of Thermodynamics Govern Energy Transformations in Organisms Heat Chemical energy CO2 + H2O (a) First law of thermodynamics (b) Second law of thermodynamics FormsofEnergy Energyisthecapacitytodowork Kineticenergy:energyassociatedwith therelativemotionofobjects Potentialenergy:energyassociatedwith locationorarrangementofobject. ExampleisChemicalenergy:energythat matterpossessesduetostoredenergyin bondsofatomsandmolecules Potential Energy in Water Behind a Dam Dam Energy Conversion during a dive Energy Entropy Entropy Entropyisameasureofdisorder,ofrandomness Everytimeenergyisconvertedfromoneformto another,entropyincreases Heatreleasedduringenergyconversionsis maincauseofentropyincrease ChemicalEnergy ChemicalEnergy Formofpotentialenergy Foundinmatterduetoarrangementof atoms Livingcellsareabletomakechemical energystoredintheirfoodavailablefor work Energy Conversions in a car Energy 25%offuelenergyconvertedtocarsmovement Energy Conversions in a cell Energy 40%offoodenergyconvertedtousefulwork FoodCalories FoodCalories Caloriesareunitsofenergy 1Calistheamountofenergyneededto raisethetemperatureof1gramofwater by1oC Kilocalories(1000cal=1C=1kcal)used todescribeenergycontentoffood ATP 1. 2. 3. Powerscellularwork.Storesenergyfromfood, releasingitwhenrequired Celldoesthreetypesofwork: Chemicalwork Transportwork Mechanicalwork ATPisthemediatorofallworkinthecell ATPStructure ATPStructure Adenosinetriphosphate:adenosine+3 phosphategroups Phosphatetailcontainsstoredenergy Lossofaphosphategroupreleases energy ATPPower ATP Drives Mechanical Work ATP (Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction Muscle cell Actin filament Myosin filament Myosin arm ATP Drives Transport Work ATP ATP Drives Chemical Work ATP The ATP Cycle The Enzymes Metabolism=thesumofallthechemical reactionsinanorganism Mostmetabolicreactionswonttakeplace withoutthehelpofenzymes enzymes Alllivingcellscontain1000sofdifferent Enzymes Enzymesactasbiologicalcatalystsby loweringtheenergyactivationbarriers requiredformetabolicreactionstotake place investmentinenergyrequiredtostarta reaction Activationenergy(E )istheinitial A ActivationEnergy ActivationEnergy Istheenergyrequiredtostartachemical reaction Itisenergyneedtobreakchemicalbonds inthereactantmolecules,andthus activatethem Enzymes and Activation Energy Activation energy barrier Enzyme Activation energy barrier reduced by enzyme Reactant Energy level Energy level Reactant Products (a) Without enzyme (b) With enzyme Products ActivationEnergy ActivationEnergy Canbethoughtofasmallinputthatis requiredtotriggeralargeoutput Likelightningamatcharoundlighter fluid SubstrateSpecificity Essentialtoenablethousandsofbiological reactionstotakeplacesimultaneously structure Specificityofenzymesresultsfromits3D Activesiteisregionofenzymethatbinds substrateonlyfewaminoacidslong ininducedfit Assubstratebinds,activesitechangestoresult Induced Fit between an Enzyme and its Substrate Substrate Active site Enzyme (a) (b) Enzyme-substrate complex How an Enzyme Works How How an Enzyme Works How How an Enzyme Works How How an Enzyme Works How FactorsthataffectEnzyme Activity Substrateconcentration TemperatureandpH Inhibitors CompetitiveBinding NoncompetitiveBinding Inhibitors 1. 2. Selectivelyinhibitactionofspecificenzymes Canbereversibleorirreversibleinhibition Twotypeofinhibitors Competitive Noncompetitive Summary Oneofthedefiningfeaturesoflifeisthat metabolismisneveratequilibrium Metabolismisthesumofallchemicalreactions takingplaceinanorganism Thefirsttwolawsofthermodynamicsapplytoall transformationofmatterthattakeplaceinliving things Summary Enzymesarenaturallyoccurringcatalysts Enzymeactivityisregulatedbysubstrate concentration,pH,temperature,andinhibitors Overview 1. 2. 3. MembraneStructure MembraneFunction Typesofmembranetransport Passive Active Bulk CellMembranes CellMembranes 8nmthick Fluidmosaicmodeloflipidsandproteins,allwith hydrophobicandhydrophilicregions Dynamic,fluidstructures Fluidityandfunctiondependoncomposition Lipidbilayerisasymmetrical Movement of Phospholipids Movement Lateral movement ( 107 times per second) Flip-flop ( once per month) Membrane fluidity Fluid Viscous Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails with kinks (b) Membrane fluidity Saturated hydrocarbon tails Primary Functions of Membrane Proteins Primary TransportMechanisms TransportMechanisms PassiveTransportincludesbothsimple andfacilitateddiffusion.Noenergy requirementassolutesmovedown concentrationgradient ActiveTransportrequiresenergyto movesolutesagainsttheirconcentration gradient Diffusion Diffusion Diffusionisthetendencyformoleculesto spreadintotheavailablespacefroman areaofhighertoanareaoflower concentration Equilibriumisreachedwhenthemolecules movinginonedirectionisequaltothe moleculesmovingintheoppositedirection Diffusion of one solute Molecules of dye Membrane (cross section) WATER Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium Diffusion of two solutes Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium Equilibrium SelectivePermeabilityof SelectivePermeabilityof Membrane Hydrocarbons,CO2andO2cancrossthrough membraneunaided Hydrophilicmoleculesandionsneedhelptoget throughhydrophobicregion Selectivepermeabilitydependsona discriminatinglipidbilayerandspecifictransport proteins Osmosis Osmosis Thediffusionofwateracrossaselectively permeablemembrane Crucialtoorganisms Animalsinahypertonicorhypotonic environmentrequireadaptationsfor osmoregulation Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution Isotonic solutions Osmosis Sugar molecule Selectively permeable membrane Osmosis Osmosis Osmosis H2O Selectively permeable membrane Osmosis The Water Balance of Living Cells The Hypotonic solution H2 O (a) Animal Isotonic solution H2 O H2 O Hypertonic solution H2 O cell Lysed H2 O (b) Plant H2 O Normal H2 O Shriveled H2 O cell Turgid (normal) Flaccid Plasmolyzed Plant Turgor Plant Filling vacuole 50 m Contracting vacuole The contractile vacuole of Paramecium ActiveTransport ActiveTransport Movementofsolutesacrossamembrane againsttheirconcentrationgradient Carriedoutbycarrierproteins Enablescellstomaintaininternalconcentration ofsmallsolutesthatdifferfromoutside environment surroundings E.g.Cellshavehigher[K+]andlower[Na+]than Active Transport Active BulkTransport BulkTransport Referstotransportoflargemoleculesacross membranes Twomainmechanisms: 1. Exocytosis 1. Endocytosis i.Phagocytosis ii.Pinocytosis iii.Receptormediatedendocytosis BulkTransport BulkTransport Referstotransportoflargemoleculesacross membranes Twomainmechanisms: 1. Exocytosis 1. Endocytosis i.Phagocytosis ii.Pinocytosis iii.Receptormediatedendocytosis Phagocytosis Phagocytosis PHAGOCYTOSIS EXTRACELLULAR FLUID CYTOPLASM Pseudopodium 1 m Pseudopodium of amoeba Bacterium vacuole Food An amoeba engulfing a bacterium via phagocytosis (TEM) Pinocytosis Pinocytosis PINOCYTOSIS 0.5 m RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS Coat protein Receptor Coated pit Ligand Coat protein A coated pit and a coated vesicle (TEMs) Plasma membrane 0.25 m Cholesterol Uptake by human cells Cholesterol CellSignaling CellSignaling Cellscommunicateviasignalingacrosscell membranes Signalproteinbindsreceptorproteinon membrane Bindingtriggerssignaltransductionpathway Resultsinchemicalresponses SummaryofCellMembrane SummaryofCellMembrane 8nmthick Lipid,proteinandcarbohydratecomponents Fluidmosaicmodel Membranesareasymmetric Membranesexhibitselectivepermeability SummaryofMembrane SummaryofMembrane Transport Hydrophobicsubstancescancrossbypassive orfacilitateddiffusion Hydrophilicsubstancescanpassthrough Diffusionofwaterisknownasosmosis channelorcarrierproteinsbyfacilitateddiffusion SummaryofMembrane Transport Activetransportrequiresenergytomove substancesacrossamembrane transport Carrierproteinsareresponsibleforactive Bulktransportacrossmembraneoccurs byexocytosisandendocytosis Bulk Transport by Exocytosis and Endocytosis Bulk BIO155 CellularRespiration Dr.JessicaPamment Overview Overview i. ii. iii. Energyflow;producersandconsumers Aerobicrespiration:cellularrespiration Anaerobicrespiration:fermentation Respiratorypathways: Glycolysis CitricAcidCycle OxidativePhosphorylation Energyflowand Energyflowand chemicalcycling inecosystems Producer Producer and consumer AutotrophsandHeterotrophs Autotrophsand Autotrophsaretheproducersofthe biosphere Autotrophsareselffeeders Heterotrophsaretheconsumersofthe biosphere Heterotrophsfeedoncompoundsmadeby otherorganisms CellularRespiration CellularRespiration Theaerobicharvestingofchemicalenergy fromorganicfuelmolecules Oxygenintheairwebreatheinisrequired forcellularrespiration Carbondioxideisabyproductfoundinthe airweexhale Howbreathingis Howbreathingis relatedto cellular respiration Cellular Respiration Cellular REDOX reactions REDOX RedoxReactions RedoxReactions Reductionoxidationreactions Reactionsthattransferelectronsbetween reactants Asubstratethatgainselectronsissaidtohave beenreduced Asubstratethathaslostelectronsissaidto havebeenoxidized Redox Reaction Redox becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron) ElectronTransferandEnergy ElectronTransferandEnergy Release Electronslosepotentialenergywhenmoved fromalesselectronegativeatomtoamore electronegativeatom ReleaseofenergyusedforATPsynthesis Electronsaretransferredtooxygeninastepwise manner Arapid Arapid electron fall Theroleof Theroleof oxygenin harvesting foodenergy NAD+andElectronTransport NAD+andElectronTransport Chain Electronsfromglucosearestoredaspotential energyinNADH Transportchainconsistsofmainlyproteinsbuilt intotheinnermembraneofmitochondria NADHreleaseselectronsthatarepassedbya seriesofredoxreactionsdownthechainuntil theyreachoxygen Energyisreleasedinastepwisefashion 3StagesofRespiration 3StagesofRespiration Respirationisametabolicpathway 3mainmetabolicstages: 1.Glycolysis 2.Citricacidcycle 3.Electrontransport Thethreestagesofcellularrespiration Thethreestagesofcellularrespiration Glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis Directphosphatetransfer Glycolysis Glycolysis Meanssugarsplitting Anaerobicprocess Takesplaceincytosol Onemoleculeofglucoseisconvertedtotwoofpyruvate andnettwoofATP glucose Releaseslessthan25%ofchemicalenergystoredin TheCitricAcidCycle TheCitricAcidCycle A.K.AKrebsCycle Takesplaceinthemitochondrialmatrix Oxidizesorganicfuelderivedfrompyruvate Thecyclegenerates1ATPperturn MostenergyistransferredtoNAD+andFAD+ ThelinkbetweenGlycolysisandthe ThelinkbetweenGlycolysisandthe CitricAcidCycle TheCitricAcidCycle TheCitricAcidCycle Citricacidcycleturnstwiceforeachglucosemolecule becausetwoaceticmoleculesderivedfromoneglucose molecule 3CO2percycle(6CO2perglucosemolecule) 1ATPpercycle(2ATPSperglucosemolecule) 3NADHpercycle(6NADHperglucosemolecule) 2FADH2percycle(4FADH2perglucosemolecule) Electron Transport Electron Electron Transport Electron ATPsynthase http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=uOoHKCMAUMc ElectronTransportChain ElectronTransportChain Takesplaceintheinnermitochondrial membraneineukaryotes numberedItoIV electronegative Componentsofchainaremultiproteincomplexes Complexesarrangedinorderfromlesstomore Electronspasseddownbyredoxreactions ElectronTransportChain Energyreleasedaselectronstransferred betweencomplexesusedtopumpH+ synthases ADP TheprotonmotiveforcedrivesH+throughATP ATPsynthaseusesflowofH+tophosphorylate 1000sofchainsfoundinanyonemitochondria Energy Energy fromFood SummaryofATPyieldduringcellularrespiration SummaryofATPyieldduringcellularrespiration Intheabsenceofoxygen. Intheabsenceofoxygen. Cellscanoxidizeorganicfueland 1. Anaerobicrespiration 1. Fermentation generateATPwithouttheuseofoxygen: AnaerobicRespiration AnaerobicRespiration Usesanelectrontransportchain,butdoesnt useoxygenasfinalacceptorofelectrons Exampleofalternativefinalelectronacceptorsis sulfateandnitrateions ATPsynthaseusesmembranepotentialto generateATP Fermentation Fermentation Amethodofharvestingchemicalenergywithout theuseofanelectrontransportchain Fermentationisanexpansionofglycolysisthat allowscontinuousgenerationofATPbydirect phosphatetransfer AwayofregeneratingNAD+fromNADHmade duringglycolysisintheabsenceoftheelectron transportchain LacticAcidFermentation LacticAcidFermentation AlcoholFermentation AlcoholFermentation Yeast Yeast Respirationvs.Fermentation Respirationvs.Fermentation Respiration ATPsynthesis Oxidationof organicmolecs Oxidizingagent Finalelectron acceptor ATPyield Aerobic Glycolysis NAD+ Oxygen 38ATPs Fermentation Anaerobic Glycolysis NAD+ Pyruvate 2ATPs Fermentationvs.Respiration Fermentationvs.Respiration BothmetabolicreactionsthatproduceATP Fermentationisthepartialdegradationof sugarwithouttheuseofoxygen AerobicRespirationisthebreakdownof sugarswiththeuseofoxygen EvolutionConnection EvolutionConnection Glycolysisisthemostwidespread metabolicpathway Glycolysistakesplaceinthecytosol, withoutinvolvementoforganelles Glycolysisoccursunderbothaerobicand anaerobicconditions Suggestsitevolvedearly 0 A Time line of oxygen and life on Earth O present in Earths atmosphere Billions of years ago 2.1 2.2 2.7 First eukaryotic organisms Atmospheric oxygen reaches 10% of modern levels Atmospheric oxygen first appears 2 3.5 Oldest prokaryotic fossils Origin of Earth 4.5 SummaryEnergyFlow SummaryEnergyFlow SummaryofRespiration SummaryofRespiration Mainroleistoharvestenergyfromglucosefor ATPsynthesis chainATP ATP Energyflows:glucoseNADHelectrontransport 40%ofpotentialenergyinglucosetransferredto 3stages:glycolysis,CitricAcidCycle,electron transportchain Summary Summary Glycolysisisthefirststepinharnessingenergy fromorganiccompounds Ifoxygenispresent,pyruvateenterstheCitric AcidCycleandoxidativephosphorylation pathways Ifoxygenisabsent,pyruvatecanbeoxidizedby adifferentcompoundorenterfermentation Summary Summary Mostenergyismadebytheelectrontransport chain Cellusesenergyreleasedfromorganic compoundstopoweranabolicreactions essentialtolife
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DePaul - BIO - 155
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BIO155DNATechnology Dr.JessicaPammentDefinitionofBiotechnology DefinitionofBiotechnology Theuseofmicroorganisms,suchasbacteriaoryeasts,orbiologicalsubstances,suchas enzymes,toperformspecificindustrialor manufacturingprocesses Applicationsincludethepr
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BIO155 Review1 JessicaPamment Biologytoday Basicchemistry Moleculesoflife Thecell EnergyandlifeOverview Respiration&PhotosynthesisTheCharacteristicsoflifeOrderResponse to the environment Evolutionary adaptationRegulation Energy processing Reproduct
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Purdue - MA - 366
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The Exponential Series1Section 1X = AX X (0) = [1, 1]t 2 1 4 2 (1)We consider the initial value problemwhere A=Then (as you can check) det(A I ) = 2 so the only eigenvalue is = 0. The equation AXo = 0Xo is equivalent with the system xo + 2yo = 0 4xo
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MA366 Make-up FinalLast Name:First Name:Show all work. A correct answer without supporting work is worth NO credit! (Some calculators can solve dierential equations.) There should be no hard integrals, unless you mess up somewhere. If this happens, jus
Purdue - MA - 366
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Purdue - MA - 366
Purdue - MA - 366
Purdue - MA - 366
Purdue - MA - 366
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Purdue - MA - 366
%!PS (but not EPSF; comments have been disabled) /TeXDict 200 dict def TeXDict begin /N /def load def /Bcfw_bind defN /S /exch load def /Xcfw_S NB /TR /translate load N /isls false N /vsize 10 N /@rigincfw_ islscfw_[0 1 -1 0 0 0]concatif 72 Resolution div
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