OF CHEMISTRY THE CAR (part I)
A) History :
Steam Driven (1976) : French invention by Nicholas Cugnot Internal Combustion (1807) : powered by methane; invented by Isaac de Rivaz Propelled Car (1831) : propelled by gasoline, invented by Siegfried Marcus in Germany. Steam carriage (1877) : had capacity to have power derived from burning wood or coal generating steam Stanley Steamer (1904) : first mass produced used car in NA as opposed to standard automobiles we think about today. Produced by assembly line = each worker has one particular job to do (i.e putting gon dorr, windshield), invented by Henry Ford, who made ford morot company. Ford was not a nice person. 1908 : 15 million cars produced, about 1 million/year. At this point roads were built, gasoline had to be found, everything changed. WWII (1940) : rubber synthetically produced (couldnt get it naturally b/c japans cornered off supply). *Model T Ford : first mass-produced car in early 1900s, and flat tires were common. *Reinventing the whell : Airless Michelin(called Tweel) = airless tire, not made of rubber, nor does it wear out. Flexible, can go over rocks. Essentially flat proof. Gets noisy when going over 80km/h, making it difficult to get going. Model T was sold at $1850 (equilavent to ~37 000$ today) when it was first mass-produced and then sold for only $300 in 1920. Model T only had about 20 hp compared with Honda civic 160hp today and 100hp 15 years ago. *1948 Tucker had a light in the middle which would turn to give you better view of where you are going. Theres a movie named after it. *1977 Cadilla Seville : huge car, very overweight, all metallic on the inside, no dashboard softeness.
B) Energy
Fossil fuels are plentiful and dominate as energy source. In 2002 : Fossil fuels 85% (oil dominant, then natural gas and coal), nuclear 8%, renewable 6%. Richest nations use about 80% of worlds energy production and have only about 20@ of the population. A world of 10 billion people consuming energy at the current US level would raise world energy demand by 10 fold. -China growing; if continues to evolve in same way as NA & Europe, it would be difficult to cope w/ E needs for oil -E is 7-10% of our living cost. 7% of world trade, and 25% of US trade deficit. -E in our lives : transportation, heating & cooling, electricity & power grid, manufacturing, electronics, agriculture -World E use (2000) is 13 TW/year ; 50TW (terawatts) will be required for 10 billion ppl by 2100 at the US standard of living. - 1 TW = 1 billion KW = 16 trillion 60 watt bulbs * fusion reactors : source of massive amounts of energy if it could be researched to point to make it practical. *Sunlight is also a great source of energy, if it can be harnessed correctly. *US, Europe, India, are Japan major users of Energy
Oil:
first oil well was in Petrolia, Ontario (Canada had first oil well, not US!) T.Sterry Hunt : Geologist at mcgill, introduced Cr2)3 to give green color to US dollar. He was also able to predict where it would be likely to find oil deposits through analysizng landscape and weather condition from thousands of years ago. He said oil fromed from organic matter that was buried. Howard Hughes : invented drills with diamonds bits, making it last much longer against stone = better to get oil. His son Howard Hughes Jr. , an airplane inventor, portrayed in The Aviator.
When oil is found, they drill down and gather as much as they can to process. Usually some natural gas is produced along with it, and many countries dont have the technology to liquefy and capture the natural gas so they just burn it off. Quality of oil varies depending on where it comes from, whether it has high sulphur content or not with respect to impurities. In first Gulf war, Saddam Hussein set fire to a number of oil wells (early 1990s) Isolated oil extracting rigs are found all around Oklahoma, where a single pump would bring income of 100-200$/month. Offshore oil rigs exist near Newfoundland, maritimes, Britain, where ppl work/live on them for periods of 2 months at a time. Petroleum consumption in US is aggressively increasing and production is decreasing. Proposed oil production from artic reserve, propesd by Artic National Wildlife Reserve, is really a blip on the screen and not worth the disruption of wildlife and all the difficulties b/c really small. Libia, who sends 2-3% of their production to US, probably would not increase exportation b/c under a lot of stress since Kadafi is killing too many ppl. Oil prices have gone up by 25$/barrel b/c of this situation. Top oil Exporters (MB/day) : Saudi Arabia (7.4), Russia (4.8), Norway (3.2). Top oil consumers (MB/day) : US (19.7), Japan(5.4),China(4.9), Canada (9th). (Canada uses 1/10th of what US uses, but its colder) Top oil producers (MB/day): Russia, Saudi Arabia, USA, Canada(14th). *Canada is the biggest exporter of oil (followed by Saudi Arabia) to US. oil use: in 1980s, 1/3rd for each industry, residential, and transportation. Today : 50% transportation, 40% industrial, 10% residential.
Accidents:
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989) spilled 11 million gallos. The initial reparations lawsuit was settled for 1 billion in 1991 but this case has gone on until 2008 whe US supreme cours heard a punitive damage case. The amount discussed was $2,500,000,000. Amount was reduced to $500 million.
PETROLEUM (GASOLINE): An octane derivative has antiknock = 100 (standard). Antiknock value = burning efficiency; higher number means better efficiency, but more expensive.