is 1.What an exocrine gland? Include two examples in your answer.
- An exocrine gland is a gland that secretes substances from ducts. Two
examples of exocrine glands are salivary glands and sweat glands.
2.What is an endocrine gland?
- An endocrine gland is a ductless gland that secretes substances into the
bloodstream.
3.What is a hormone?
- A hormone is a chemical synthesized in small quantities in one part of the body
and transported to another, where it affects target cells.
4.According to the Britannica.Com video The Endocrine System what six
endocrine glands are most important for adults? (6 marks)
- The six endocrine glands that are more important for adults are: The Islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas, the thyroid, the parathyroid, the adrenals, the
gonads, and the pituitary gland.
5.What is secreted into the capillaries that run through each endocrine gland?
- Hormones are secreted into the capillaries that run through each endocrine
gland.
6.Hormones travel throughout our bodys bloodstream, but only influence what?
- Hormones only influence specific target cells.
7.Every target cell has what? Explain the relationship of this with a hormone. (2
marks)
- Every target cell has a chemical receptor. The hormone specifically fits the
receptor, as a key fits a lock.
8.Receptor cells are where? (2 marks)
- Receptor cells are on the surface of cell or inside.
9.Are cells, without receptors for a particular hormone, affected by that hormone?
No, they are not affected by that hormone because they do not have receptors
for it.
10.What are the 10 endocrine glands listed in your online lecture? (10 marks)
- Pituitary
- Hypothalamus
- Thymus
- Pineal Gland
- Testes
- Ovaries
- Thyroid
- Adrenal Glands
- Parathyroid
- Pancreas
11.Fill in this chart. (6 marks)
HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASING
HORMONE
Growth Hormone-Relasing Hormone
EFFECT ON PITUITARY
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Controls thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) release.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Controls adrenocorticotropin hormone
(ACTH) release.
Controls growth hormone (GH) relase.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Tells the pituitary gland to make
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
12.What endocrine gland is sometimes called the master gland?
- The pituitary is sometimes called the master gland.
13.Fill in this chart. (12 marks)
HORMONES PRODUCED BY
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
FUNCTION OF HORMONE
-Stimulates milk production from a
womans breasts after childbirth.
-Can affect sex hormone levels from the
ovaries in women and the testes in men.
-Stimulates growth in childhood.
-Is important for maintaining muscle
mass and bone mass in adults.
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-Can affect fat distribution in the body.
-Stimulates production of cortisol by the
adrenal glands, which helps maintain
blood pressure and blood glucose
levels.
-Stimulates the thyroid gland to make
thyroid hormones, which regulate:
metabolism, energy, growth and
development, and nervous system
activity.
-Regulates testosterone in men and
estrogen in women.
-Promotes sperm production in men and
stimulates the ovaries to release eggs in
women.
14.Fill in this chart. (6 marks)
HORMONES PRODUCED BY
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (also called
Vasopressin)
FUNCTION OF HORMONE
-Causes milk letdown in nursing mothers.
-Causes uterine contractions during
childbirth.
-Regulates function of kidneys for water
and sodium balance in the bloodstream.
15.How is hormone secretion controlled?
- Hormone secretion is controlled by negative feedback loops from target glands
and organs.
16.Go to this video: Brain, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Endocrine System
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLeBNyB1qKU
Where is the hypothalamus located?
- The hypothalamus is located within the base of the forebrain.
17.Some neurons within the hypothalamus produce and secrete what hormone?
- Some neurons within the hypothalamus produce and secrete the TRH
hormone.
18.This hormone stimulates cells in the pituitary to make what hormone?
- Thyroid-Stimulating hormones (TSH).
19.This hormone, in turn, stimulates the thyroid to make what hormone? What is
the function of this hormone? (2 marks)
- Thyroxin which regulates the metabolic rate of all the cells in the body.
20.In addition, what does this hormone (produced by the thyroid) do?
- It inhibits the TRH containing neurons within the hypothalamus resulting in a
decreased release of TRH and a decrease in secretion of TSH and Thyroxin.
21.This is called what? (it occurs frequently in the endocrine system)
- This is called a negative feedback loop.
22.Go back to your online lecture now. Where is the thyroid located?
- The thyroid is located inside the neck, in front of the trachea and below the
Adams apple.
23.Too little production of thyroxine is called what and has what effect on our
body?
- Too little production of thyroxin is called hypothyroidism and results in
decreased energy, slow heart rate, skin, dry constipation, feeling cold and weight
gain.
24.Too much production of thyroxine is called what and has what effect on our
body?
- Too much production of thyroxin is called hyperthyroidism and results in
anxiety, fast heart rate, diarrhea and weight loss.
25.How many parathyroid glands are there? Where are they located? (2 marks)
- There are four parathyroid glands which are located behind the thyroid gland.
26.What hormone do the parathyroid glands produce? What does this hormone
regulate? (2 marks)
- The parathyroid glands produce Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and this hormone
triggers calcium release from bones so that it will be available in the blood for
nerve conduction and muscle contraction.
27.Low blood calcium results in what?
- Low blood calcium results in irregular heartbeat, muscle spasms, tingling in
hands and feet and possible difficulty breathing.
28.Where is the pancreas located?
- The pancreas is located behind the stomach.
29.What is unique about the pancreas, in terms of endocrine and exocrine
glands?
- The pancreas is unique because it is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.
30.What two hormones does the endocrine part of the pancreas produce?
- The endocrine part of the pancreas produces glucagon and insulin.
31.The pancreas releases digestive enzymes to the small intestine through what
duct?
- The pancreas releases digestive enzymes to the small intestine through the
pancreatic duct.
32.Two types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans are important for blood sugar
level regulation. What is the name of each type of cell and what does it produce?
(2 marks)
- The name of each important type of cell are alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells
produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin.
33.Insulin enables glucose to do what?
- Insulin enables glucose to enter cells from the bloodstream.
34.Where is excess glucose stored? In what form? (2 marks)
- Excess glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscle cells.
35.What does glucagon do?
- Glucagon increases glucose release from its storage form in the liver.
36.How many adrenal glands do we have? Where are they located?
- There are two adrenal glands and they are located on the top of each kidney in
the human body.
37.What does the adrenal cortex secrete? (three things)
- The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex
hormones.
38.What does the adrenal medulla secrete? (two things)
- The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
39.Fill in the missing portions of the right column of this chart. (8 marks)
ADRENAL GLANDS
FUNCTION
Adrenal cortex: the outer portion of each Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
adrenal gland
are essential for life. The adrenal cortex
produces
-glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) that
help the body:
-Control blood sugar.
-Increase burning of protein and fat.
-Respond to stressors like fever, illness,
and injury.
- mineralcorticoids (such as aldosterone)
that
-Control blood volume.
-Help regulate blood pressure by acting
on the kidneys to retain water and
sodium.
Adrenal medulla: the inner portion of
each adrenal gland
-Some sex hormones that are important
for secondary sex characteristics in both
men and women.
The hormones secreted by the adrenal
medulla are not essential for life. The
adrenal medulla produces
- Epinephrine (adrenalin).
-Norepinephrine.
40.The thymus is a gland needed early in life for what?
- The thymus is a gland needed early in life for immune function.
41.Where is the pineal gland located? What hormone does the pineal gland
secrete? What is the function of this hormone? (3 marks)
- The pineal gland is located within the brain and secretes the hormone
melatonin. Melatonin functions in regulation of sleep patterns.
42.What hormone do the testes produce?
- The testes produce testosterone.
43.Production of the male sex hormone is under the control of what two
gonadotropic (GnRH) produced by the anterior pituitary?
- Production of the male sex hormone is under the control of luteinizing hormone
(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
44.What two hormones do the ovaries produce?
- The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
45.Why can steroid hormones penetrate the cell membrane?
- Steroid hormones can penetrate the cell membrane because they are fatsoluble.
46.Non-steroid hormones stimulate the production of an intracellular second
messenger called what?
- Non-steroid hormones stimulate the production of an intracellular second
messenger called cyclic adenosine monophospate (cAMP).
47.A cascade of enzyme-catalyzed reactions makes possible a very great
_____________ of the effects of the original hormone-binding event.
- A cascade of enzyme-catalyzed reactions makes possible a very great
amplification of the effects of the original hormone-binding event.
48.Prostaglandins are not made by endocrine glands. They are made by what
body cells?
- Prostaglandins are made by virtually every cell in the human body, from omega3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
49.Where do prostaglandins work?
- Prostaglandins work within the cell where they are synthesized.