point/question 1 unless otherwise indicated_ 65 points total
Find the answers to these questions in your ACE Biology online lecture.
1. Define: biological pathway
- A series of actions among molecules in a cell that leads to a certain product or
change in a cell.
2. What two things do biological pathways promote within cells? (4 points)
- Normal development & to sustain health, which includes obtaining nutrition and
utilizing energy.
3. In the cellular respiration biological pathway, cells transfer energy from
_________ to _______.
- Nutrients to ATP.
4. Search: formula ATP and find the chemical formula for ATP. (The chemical
formula for water is H2O. Find the chemical formula for ATP.)
- C10H16P3O13N5
5. What is trapped in the bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP?
- A lot of energy is trapped in the bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP.
6. What happens when the bonds between phosphate groups is broken?
- When the bonds between phosphate groups are broken, energy is relased.
7. What kind of chemical reaction is this breaking of bonds between the
phosphates of ATP?
- It is a catabolic and endergonic reaction.
8. This is a diagram of what molecule? Give the full name and the three letter
short form. In this diagram, the lines between the letters represent what? (6
points)
- This is a diagram of ADP, adenosine diphosphate. The lines between the letters
represent the bonds between atoms.
9. In the next diagram give the name of the element shown as the colour: (10
points)
red - Oxygen
yellow Phosphate
white - Hydrogen
black - Carbon
blue - Nitrogen
10. How does energy flow through life? What does life do when it needs energy?
(4 points)
- Energy flows through life as it is transferred from a bond in one molecule to a
bond in another. When life needs energy, it breaks off one of ATPs phosphates,
which frees the energy in the bond.
11. At any given moment, how many molecules of ATP are there in each of our
cells? How many ATP phosphate bonds are used and replaced every two or
three minutes? How many kilograms of ATP does a human body recycle every
day? (6 points)
- At any given moment, there are 1 billion molecules of ATP in every cell. The
phosphate bonds of a billion ATP molecules get used and replaced every two or
three minutes. Our body recycles four to six kilograms of ATP every day.
12. What does our entire organic world run on? Name the two organelles.
- The entire organic runs world on chloroplasts and mitochondria.
13. Define photosynthesis.
- The series of biochemical reactions that enables plants to capture sunlight
energy.
14. Give the formula for photosynthesis.
- Energy from Light + 6Co2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
- (Energy from Light + Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen Gas)
15. Burning is what kind of reaction?
- Burning is a combustion reaction.
16. The combustion of methane gives off what two kinds of energy? (4 points)
- Light and heat
17. What do mitochondria do?
- Mitochondria use energy in the process of burning sugar and producing ATP.
18. Give the formula for cellular respiration.
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP Energy
- (Glucose + Oxygen Gas) -> Water + Carbon Dioxide + ATP Energy
19. If the mitochondria in our cells burned sugar as quickly as methane burns,
what would happen to us?
- If the mitochondria in our cells burned sugar as quickly as methane burns, we
would self destruct.
20. What does the process of cellular respiration do to avoid this outcome?
- In the process of cellular respiration, our cells extract energy from sugar
through a series of chemical reactions that prevent an explosion of heat and light
energy.
21. What percentage of energy from cellular respiration is released as heat? How
much energy ends up in the bonds of ATP?
- 50% of energy from cellular respiration is released as heat and the other 50%
ends up in the bonds of ATP.
22. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion. (4 points)
- A mitochondrion is a sac within a sac, with folds inside it including the inner
membrane, outer membrane, cristae and matrix.
23. The folds of the inner sac provide what?
- The folds of the inner sac provide surface area of ATP synthesis.
24. The inter-membrane space is a reservoir for what?
- The inter-membrane space is a reservoir for hydrogen ions used for
synthesizing ATP from ADP.
25. The inner chamber or matrix is a soup of what?
- Enzymes.
26. The carbon end product of cellular respiration diffuses out of the cell in what
molecular form?
- Carbon dioxide diffuses out leaving the cell through the plasma membrane.
27. List the
- reactants of photosynthesis Energy from Light, Carbon Dioxide and Water.
- products of photosynthesis Glucose and Oxygen Gas.
- reactants of cellular respiration Glucose and Oxygen Gas.
- products of cellular respiration Water, Carbon Dioxide and ATP Energy.
(8 points)