of 100
1
2
3
4
PercentRadioactive radioactive element in order rocks)
Specific Rate halfparent(Putting events
abundance Decay Curve
Correlation
* different 50 Lithostratigraphy (Connect up similar in time)
for every life
TIME
.....
Framebuilders
Pelagic Organisms
Open slopeDelta Platform
Marine marine influence
Pro Shelf Environments
High angle dustnoDeltaFront
PelagicReefs
Rain
(live in the water
Wake-resistant structures column)
...
Washingtonenergy
Yukon Predator
Arizona
Biomass
Utah Producer
Biomass
Biomass
Lose
Consumer
Exam Review
0
ENVIROMENTS AND LIFE
Climate
o
o
Temperature (hot/cold)
Precipitation (moisture)
Climate Variation
o
Space and time
Ecology (of an organism)
o
Physical controls on how organisms are distributed
o
(ie) What environment is like
(ie) What climate is like
Biological controls on how organisms are distributed
(ie) Any predators?
Interactions among organisms
(ie) Reproduction
Niche
o
o
How species fill an eco space/void
o
Physical/biological requirements of a species (could be one or many competition)
(Lobster example)
Groups of Species Interactions
o
Populations
o
Individuals of a species that co-occur (interact)
Community
Page 1 of 13
Populations of different species that co-occur
(ie) Zebra eats grass, Lion eats Zebra (and grass)
Ecosystems (Food Web)
o
Function of the community
Grasses
(# matter, energy)
How matter and energy flow through the community
Zebras
Lions
(# matter, energy) (# matter, energy)
gains and loss
gains and loss
Tropical Climate
o
Lots of resources (plants)
o
Lots of species
o
Year-round sunlight
High diversity = Complex ecosystem
Surplus of resources (plants)
Polar Climate
o
Limited resources (plants)
o
Low diversity = Simple ecosystem
o
Sun-limited
Periods of darkness
Page 2 of 13
Latitude A ltitude
Biogeography
o
Redistribution of species across regions
o
Dispersal ability
o
Controls diversity
Snakes vs. Horses
(Rattlesnakes on Sky Islands example)
Page 3 of 13
ATMOSPHERE
Atmosphere
o
Gaseous envelope around the Earth
o
Nitrogen 78%
o
Oxygen 21%
Archaen Oxygen 0%
o
Varies through geologic time
Carboniferous Oxygen 35%
H2O /Water Vapor
o
High heat capacity
Highly variable (day-to-day)
CO2/Carbon Dioxide
Greenhouse gas
Larger impact on climate than water vapor
Atmospheric Circulation
o
Redistribution of heat and moisture
o
Hot/moist at equator
Rise in air moisture
o
Cooler/dense air masses at poles
o
Temperate, Subtropic, Mid-Lateral Desert
o
Tropics
No seasons
o
Ever-wet
Complete eco-system
Atmospheric Covergence
Page 4 of 13
Trade-wind belt
Arid
o
Dominance of high pressure
+ 30 N/S
Temperate Zones
Highly seasonal
o
Snow and rain
Polar Regions
Either extreme sunlight or no sunlight
Ever-cool
Frozen
Convergence
Atmospheric Impacts
o
Climate, re-distribution of heat/moisture
o
Marine circulation
Wind driven currents
Density differences between water masses
Temperate (cool-dense)
Salinity (salty-dense)
(ie) Polar surface waters
Sinks to the bottom because its cooler
(Marine) Depth Zones/Habitats
o
Supratidal
o
Marine influenced, above high tide
Intertidal
Page 5 of 13
o
Subtidal
High tide low tide (beaches/tidal flats)
Low tide (abyss)
Marine Depth Zone
o
Controls the distribution of marine organisms
Climate (temperature/seasonality)
Depth (modes of life in the water)
Floaters
o Not powered locomotion
o Plankton
Zooplankton (animals)
Protists
Jellyfish
Phytoplankton (plants)
Protists
Algae (ie: coccoliths)
Swimmers
o Active locomotion
o Nekton
Bottom Dwellers
o Benthos
Filter feeders
Extract food from water column
Deposit Feeders
o Plow through sediment
Page 6 of 13
Scavengers
o More selective than Deposit Feeders
SEDIMENTARY ENVIROMENTS AND Enviroments SEDIMENTS
Sedimentary and Sediments
o
Paleoclimate and Paleography = Fossil
o
Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydosphere
Plate tectonics
Geochemistry of sediments
Three Main Sedimentary Realms (the deposition of sediments)
o
1. Nonmarine/Continental Realm
o
2. Marginal Marine
o
Near coastal plain
3. Deep Marine/Continental Realm
Sedimentary systems completely removed by marine processes
200 m
Non Marine/Continental Realm
o
Weathering
Interface of atmosphere and lithosphere
Soils, paleosoils (fossil soils)
climate temperature, precipitation, plants
o
Erosion
o
Fluvial systems (rivers)
High Precipitation
Standing water (water table at surface)
Lacustrine systems
Page 7 of 13
Lakes/playas (dried out)
o Ever-wet (over filled, balance filled, under filled)
o Hyper Saline Freshwater
o If rainfall is greater than evaporation then equals freshwater
o Rainfall = less than evaporation than hypersaline water
o
Deposition of Sediment
Liquid Water Ice
Glaciers
o 1. Alpine
Mountains
Altitude
o 2. Continental (ice sheets)
Polar regions
High/low altitudes
GLACIAL ENVIROMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY
Polar Conditions
o
1. Alpine
o
2. Continental
Ice sheets
Global cool climate (ice house)
Low CO2
Varve (lakes in front of glaciers)
Tills/diamicts (badly sorted sediment)
Dropstone (icebergs melt and leave a block)
Arid Systems
Page 8 of 13
o
Hot and dry
o
Dunes
o
Alluvial Fans
Braided rivers
High sediment and bed load vs. discharge (amount of water)
Meandering rivers
Low sediment and bed loads vs. discharge
o Suspended load
Silts and clays
o Bed loads
Sand and gravel bouncing or rolling
SHALLOW MARINE/COASTAL SYSTEMS
Deltas
Tides
Waves
Currents
o
Barrier Island System
o
(Beaches)
OPEN MARINE SHELF ENVIROMENTS
Quiet environment
Storm dominated
o
Storm waves and currents
o
Tempestites
Beds of storm deposits
Page 9 of 13
Abundantly fossiliferous
TROPICAL MARINE SYSTEMS away from sand (Quartz, Silicates) and mud (Clay)
Carbonates = Limestones
Mud (Skeletal Algae)
o
Shells (Clams, snails, etc)
DEEP WATER (ABYSSAL DEPTH)
Gravity dominated systems
Gravity flows
o
Debris flows
Turbidity current
High angle slope
Pelagic rain
Organisms:
Ooze
Calcarous
Siliccous
MAJOR CHEMICAL CYCLES (C, O)
Cycle
o
How elements move from one reservoir to the next
Reservoirs and Fluxes
o
Reservoir
o
Residence
Flux
Page 10 of 13
Rates and magnitudes of elements entering and exiting a reservoir
Carbon Cycle
o
Reservoir
1. Biomass (Biology)
Producers use photosynthesis from sun
Consumers eat producers
2. Atmospheric
CO2 in photosynthesis derives from atmosphere
3. Sediment Volume
Organic matter buried in soils and/or bayous
Flux with biomass
Geochemical Cycle
o
Reservoir
o
Storage of 4 particular elements (C)
Fluxes
Rates/magnitudes of transfer for reservoir to reservoir
ISOTOPES AS PROXIES
Carbon
o
12 protons, 12 electrons
o
12 or 13 or 14 neutrons
Stable
o
Radiogenic
Photosynthesis loves 12C
ISOTOPE RECORD
Oxygen
Page 11 of 13
O 18O
o
16
o
16
O:
o
Water (liquid)
Ice (Solid)
Evaporation loves 16O
CORRELATION AND AGE DATING
1. Absolute
o
Hard number of years before present
2. Relative
o
Sequence/order of events
o
Stenos Superposition Law
o
Youngest
Oldest
o
Always in order
o
Sometimes missing (Unconformity)
Rocks define geologic time intervals
Carboniferous
Page 12 of 13
Pennsylvanian
Coal measures (Carbon in coals)
Coal mines in Western Pennsylvania
Facies
o
Aspects that make a rock unique
Lithosfacies
Limostone, sandstone, etc
Absolute Age Dating
o
Radioactive decay
o
Elements decay into other elements over time at very specific rates
Parent element
Daughter element
100% Parent
50% Parent, 50% Daughter
Page 13 of 13