Ideaofthesociologicalimagination(MILLSThePromise)
edmoments
Schlechter1
FINALREVIEWANSWERKEY
SOCIOLOGICALIMAGINATION:
DEF1)Linkspersonalbiographywithstructureandsociety.
2)Abilitytoconnectindividualbiographywithhistoryandsocial
structure(helpstoanalyzemagnifi Abilitytolinkindividualliveswith2otherthingssimultaneously
Socialstructure(normscultural)&History(howmylifesdifferentthanmy
parentslives)
PrivateTroublesvs.PublicIssues:
Howpeopleareviewed,whatpeoplethinkofthemselves
PrivateTroubles
Frompersonalmilieu(environment)
Valuescherishedbyanindividualarefeltbyhimtobe
threatened
Example:1personfailsmidterm=lookatfactors
(attendance,lackofreading)
Example:beforeeconomiccrisisunemployment=
laziness
PublicIssues(SOCIETYCARESMOREABOUTTHESE)
Frominstitutionalarrangements
Acrisisininstitutionalarrangements
Example:50peoplefailmidterm=lookatfactors(swine
flu)
Example:aftereconomiccrisisunemployment=viewed
differently
1. Culture:asharedwayoflife.Twotypesbelow.
a. Material(stuff)
b. Symbolic(ideas,language,knowledge,gesturesnorms)
2. Structure:relativelystableframeworkofinteraction
3. Institutions:Societalsubsystems(oftenregardingbasicneeds)
a. Government,economy,religion,sport
WHATISTHEPARADOXOFHUMAN(GROUP)LIFE?=
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:2
DEF1)(individualchoicesarepatterned(freewill),similarbutcontradictory,
peoplefeeltrapped)
2)PeoplemakechoicesBUTtheirchoicesarepatterned
What3socialphenomenaaccountfortheparadox?
1.
Culture
Asharedwayoflife
Purpose:setsculturalstandards,thenormsAllowsustocreate
differentidentitiesandwaysofliving.Aguideofwhatisnormal
andwhatsisnt.
Norms:(socialrules)whatisseenasnormal,setsstandards
Originatesfromsociety.
Nacirema:Sociologistsusethetermtoexamineaspectsofthe
behaviorandsocietyofAmericanpeople(akatheculture).
Extremesofhumanbehavior,culturewhichfocusesonthe
humanbody;extremeceremoniesandrituals,humanbodyis
uglyanditsnaturaltendencyisdebilityanddisease.
SeeingHolisticallyseeingthewholeratherthantheindividualparts.
TYPES
1.
Materialculture
Stuff
2.
Symbolicculture
2.
AmericanDream
Language
Gestures
Ideas
Knowledge
Norms
Symbols
Structure
Relativelystablesocialframeworkofinteraction
3Components
Race
Class
Gender
*(Sexuality)
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:3
Microvs.Macro
Microsmaller,individual,culturalnorms.
Example:ScottishfamilylyinginwhalescouldhaveaScottish
microcultureyetaWelschmacroculture
Macrogreatersurroundingareaofasociety.
Example:Whales
Modesof
Practicesof
EnablingMyths
Antidotes
Inequality
Inequality
Gender
Domination
Race
Discrimination
Class
Exploitation
Nation
Predation
3.
Institution
BINARY:
Sexism
Racism
Classism
Jingoism
Feminism
CivilRights
EconomicDemocracy
Internationalism
Societalsubsystem.
FormaroundabasichumanneedIndividual
(thing)Interaction(do)Genderasanentityitself(i.e.
socialfact)
Examples:politics,economy,family
DEFsystemof2mutuallyexclusiveopposites,the2sidesofthebinaryareco
constructed(defineeachother),therecanbedifferencewithout
inequality/hierarchy.
Characteristics
Hierarchy
Asystemoftwomutuallyexclusiveoppositeswhereoneis
betterthantheother
Examples:
black/white
civilized/uncivilized
male/female
Sex
Ideaslanguage(thingsaregendered)
Actionssocialpractices(dress,bathrooms,blue/pink)
Relevance
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:4
Therearent2sexesbutwhenitcomestointersexpeopletheyhaveto
chooseoneortheother.Samegoeswithgender.PrincipleofConsistency
(POC)
SEX: basedonbiology
Intersex
1)Biological(boy/girl),natural,differencesofreproductive
DEFSex
potential(genitalia,chromosomes,gonads),socially
constructed;bodysanatomyandphysiologicalworkings.
2)Presumablybiologicaldifferencesbasedonreproductivepotential.
Supposedlynatural
DEFIntersex1)Broadtermreferringtovariouscongenital(inborn)mixturesof
anatomicalmalenessandfemaleness.
Implications
As(supposedly)dichotomousandunchangeable:Peopleareborn
withtheirsex,theyhavethehormonesandgonads
Howindividualsgetasexandsexcategory:basedoffgender
(penis/clitoris)
Gettingasex&sexcategory
o Chromosomal(genes)
o Hormonal
o Environmental(society)
Signsofsex(musthave):
o Penisclitoris
o Testisovary
o Scrotumlabia
(SOCIAL)CONSTRUCTIONISMvs.ESSENTIALISM
Difference?
DEF(Social)Constructionismcreatedbyhumanstomakesomethingseem
real.
Example:spitvs.saliva.
DEFEssentialismAnyspecificentityhasasetofcharacteristicsthatitmust
haveinordertobedescribedasthatentity.
Example:Tobeadog,youneedfur,mammal,bark.
Difference?
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:5
Requirementsfromsocietyvs.requirementsfromnature.
o Socialconstruction:requirementsfromsociety
o Essentialism:requirementsfromnature.
GENDER:
Asinstitutionvs.individualattribute:
Individualpersonalinterpretationofselfasmale/female
Institutionalhowsocietyseesyouasmale/female
Difference?
Isntanindividualthing,itsasocialfact.
Socialfact:externaltoindividualsandconstraining(shaping)
Individualfact:thingapersonhas
ExampleIamfemale
GENDERIDENTITY:
DEFgenderapersonidentifieswith,selfconcept(H&H).IndividualLevel.
GENDERSTYLE:
DEFversionofgender(masculinities/femininities).InstitutionalLevel.(Lorber).
3Ingredients
1. GenderedSexuality
2. GenderedPersonality
3. GenderDisplay
o Body,physique
o Comportment/demeanor
o Appearance
STUDYINGGENDERAT3LEVELS:
Levels:(Risman)
1)IndividualLevel
Identities
Thingapersonhas(identities)
Example:Iamfemale
2)Cultural/InteractionalLevel(normative)
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:6
DoingGender
Culturalexpectations
Meaningofobjects/situations
Shapesinteraction
Example:girls=dolls/boys=trucks
Example:jerseycolors(blue/pink)
3)Structural/InstitutionalLevel
Formalsociety/organizations,family,economy,etc.
Distributionofresources.
Example:Coach=male/Teammanager=female
PRINCIPLEOFCONSISTENCY:
DEFnormative/patternedwaythatsex,genderanddesire(sexuality)arefit
together.
Sex
Gender
Desire
Male
+
Masculine
Women
Female
+
Feminine
Male
Gender=centerofsystem;genderusedtodeterminesexand
desire
SociallyConstructedgenderleadspeopletoassumeyoursex/desire
basedonpriorknowledge,notonactualfact.
HOWISOUTHETERONORMATIVE?(Ingraham)
Theculturalbiasinfavorofoppositesexrelationshipsofasexualnature,
andagainstsamesexrelationshipsofasexualnature.
STRUCTURE:
DEFrelativelystableframeworkofinteraction.
3componentsRace/Class/Gender/(sexuality)
Importance
Givesstability/guidelinesforafunctioningsociety
Microvs.Macro
Microindividual(norms)
Macrooverallorganizationofasociety
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:7
o 1.Microyoursmaller,moreindividualculture.IE,aScottish
familylivinginwhaleswouldhaveaScottishmicrocultureyeta
Welschmacroculture.
2.Yourgreatersurroundingarea.IE,whales
Microinterview/observations
Macrosurvey
Facetofaceinteractions
Globaleconomy
Individualidentity
War
Smallgroups
Overallstructureofa
society
Research:
Interview
o Notobservingaperson,ratherspeakingwiththeminorderto
gaininformation.Helpsusseesocialstructure,becauseitgets
personalaccountsfromvarioustypesofpeopleabouttheirrole
insociety.
Quantitative#s
o Static:becauseyoucantakeasnapshotatanothertime
o Structure
o Insightintothedistributionofmeaning
Examples:surveyresearch,fixedresponseintervals,content
analysis
PROCESS:
DEFAnymovementorinteraction.
Addupandchangestructure
Research:
SocialObservation:(fieldwork)(Thorne)Doinghandson
observation.Canbeaparticipatoryobserverorapassive,
uninvolvedobserver.Helpsusseesocialprocessesandhow
peopleinteractonasociallevel.
ObserverRoles:
FullObserver:nointeraction
FullParticipant:Seeworldfromtheirview,betterwaytogetat
meaning
Relationship:Structure+Process
Socialstructurescanchangereallyquickly.
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:8
Wechangesocialstructure.
RiverExample:
o Structure:Riverbed;frameworkofinteraction
o Process:Water.Changingthesocialstructure,orriverbed.
CONNECTIONTheriverbedisthestructure,andprocessisthe
waterthatchangestheriverbedandshapesitintoanewriverbed.
CULTURE:
DEFSharedwayoflife(notsameaspeople)
Setsnormsrulesofsocietythatwefollow
Types
o
Material(stuff)
o
Symbolic(language,gestures,norms,ideas)
Examples:
AmericanDream
Language
Gestures
Ideas
Knowledge
Norms
Symbols
INSTITUTIONALANALYSIS:
Components:
1. Realrelations(actual)ofinequality=STRUCTURE
Example:workplaceinequalitymen$female$
2. Ideologicalexplanationsofinequality=SYMBOLICCULTURE
Example:menhavefamiliestosupport=$forfood
GENDERORDER:
DEFOverallrelationsofgenderatthelevelofthesociety.
Intersectionalconcept,forcesyoutothinkabouthowtherearedifferent
versionsofmasculinity(markedbyclass,sexuality,race,gender);patterns
ofpowerrelationsamongmalesandfemales
Structuralandideologicalrankingofgenderstyles(versionsofgender)
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:9
o GenderedPersonality/sexualcharacter
o Genderedsexualorientation/sexuality(hetero,homo,bi)
o GenderDisplay
Physique
Demeanor
Appearance
Clothes
Hair
Accessories
Characteristics
o Formsoforganization,practicesandmeanings
o Explainshistoricallyconstructed(developsovertime)patternsofpower
relations
Betweenmales
Betweenfemales
Amongmalesandfemales
o Intersectionality
o Continuallyrenegotiated(dynamic)
SPORTASGENDERED&GENDERING(
Crosset/Kimmel
)
DEFgenderedgendermeaningsattaches,processeswithinasport
o Example:
o Femaleiceskating
o Malefootball
DEFgenderingsportmakesgender,sport(re)producesthegenderorder
(structuralrelationships)andgenderedpeople,dramaticizes
genderideologies,provideimagesandideals
o Example:
o Performancedifferentbygender
o Girlsaremorefeminine
o Boysaremoremasculine
Produceskeyideasregardinggender
Producesgenderorder
Demonstratesthemenarepowerful,assertive,andindependentof
women
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:10
Producesappropriatelygenderedpeople
Boysbecomemenbyplayingfootball,notbydoingballet
Genderstyle
Sportisanarenaofmasculinity
Idealsandimages
Masculineembodiment
Physique
Comportment
Attitudesandvalues
Genderedpersonality/sexualcharacter
Sportisgendering
Sporthelpsmakegender
Individualparticipants
Institutionallevel
HEGEMONY:
DEFRelativestateofascendency.
1. Thewaygenderorderisreproducedconvincessubordinategroups
thathegemonyisbetter
2. BoyslookingatGeorgeClooneyasthegreatestthereforegiving
intothathierarchy
3. Seemstobenefiteveryonebutreallyonlybenefitsthedominant
groupcommonsensebecomesnorms.
Maintained?
Byculturalprocessesandformsthatproducetheconsentofthe
subordinated(notforceddominance)
Usingimagestokeepdominance.
LinkbetweenHegemony&whywedoInstitutionalAnalysis?
INTERSECTIONALITY:
DEFcantfullyunderstandrace,class,gender,desire/sexualitywithout
consideringtheirinterconnectedness.
TeensExample?
o MallverycommontoseevarianceofR/C/G
MATRIXMODEL:
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:11
DEFRelativestateofascendency
Modelof
o Privilege+Inequality
3Subsystemsofinequality
Race+Gender+Class(+Desire)
3Dimensions
1. Individual/Biographic
2. Cultural/Symbolic
3. Institutional/Systemic
RACE:
SociallyConstructed:
Explain
Notabouthowyoulook,butaboutwhatsassociatedwithbeing
(AA,M,W).
Evolvesovertime.
Societysperceptionschange
SocialFact
Externaltoindividuals.
Patternedchoicesbutcanmakeyourown
3LevelsofRace
1. Individual
2. Interactional
3. Institutional
RACIALIZATION:
DEFThesocialprocessesbywhichapopulationgroupiscategorizedasa
race.
Processthroughwhichgroupscometobedesignatedasdifferent,andon
thatbasissubjectedtodifferentandunequaltreatment.
Characteristicsphysical,accent,speech,name,clothing,diet,
intelligence,beliefs,practicesandhabits.
PSYCHOSOCIALDOMINANCE:(Espiritu)
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:12
DEFformofcontrolconditionsthesubjectminoritytobecomethestereotype,
toliveit,talkit,embraceit,believeit.
3Components:
1. Images
2. Laws
3. Violence
(Relatedtoformal/informalnorms)
1.
FormalNorms
1. Writtendown
2. Specifiedresponse
3. authorityoragentisspecified
4. linkedtoInstitution
1. 3institutions
1. LegalCJS
1. Samesexconduct:criminal
2. Religion
1. Samesexconduct:sinner
3. Medicine
1. Samesexconduct:theinvertinversion
2.
InformalNorms
1. Notwrittendown
2. Nospecifiedresponse
3. Noauthorityoragentisspecified
4. Notlinkedtoinstitution
1. Examples:
1. Gossip
2. Namecalling
3. Exclusion
5. ThreatofhomophobiatoenforceGender
6. Relationalsocialcontrolsenforceinformalnorms
RelationtoHegemony
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:13
Minoritiesrejectowngroupandidentity,andinsteadacceptawhite
supremacistthatestablishesthepowerofEuroAmericancultural
practicesandsocialinstitutions.
Reinforcesdominanceinsociety(dominantgroup/hierarchy)
RelationtoControllingImages
Keepsstereotypesinsociety.
OTHERINGCENTERINGDYNAMICS
DEFanythingnotseenaswhite=other
Otheringminorities
Centeringtohaveacenterinsporttherehastobeanother.
Relevance:
Separatestheraces,givingwhitessupremacy.
Androcentrismmalecenteredness
o Examplesunisexclothes,guys,sheinplaceofhe
Markedvs.Unmarked
Marked(neutral)
o Female
o Nonwhite
o Homosexual
Exampleguy=assumewhite
Unmarked(generic)
o Male
o White
o Heterosexual
Examplethisblackguy=(needtouseraceindescriptionsopeopleknow
whoyourtalkingabout)
Relationtosportsymbols/names:
Symbolsgivesanegativeconnotationtosubordinategroups.
o Examples
Namesnegativeimagetosubordinategroups
o Examples
RelationtoWomensSports:
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:14
CONTROLLINGIMAGES/CULTURALIMAGES:(Espiritu)
DEFimagescreatedbydominantgroupthatareusedtojustifyR,C,G.
o Hegemonic(supportexistingarrangements)
o Counterhegemonic(theychallengeand/orcritiqueexisting
arrangements).
o Culturaldimensionofmatrixmodeliskeyincontrollingimages
Creators:
o Dominantgroup
Purpose:
o Naturalizinginequality
o Maintaindominantpower
Tendencies:(HONC)
o Hegemonize
o Objectify
o Naturalize
o Coconstruct
AslinkedtoHegemony:
o Alwayssupportdominantgroup.
GENDEREDETHNICITIES/RACIALIZEDGENDERS(Eitzen&Espiritu)
DEFwhiteideologyassignsselectedgendercharacteristicstoethnicothers.
o ExampleAsianAmericanmen/womenareconsideredmasculine/
feminine,NOTmasculineORfeminine.
o Examplechinadoll(Asianwomenasdelicate,weak)
Origin:
o Dominantgroupcontrolledimaging/stereotypes
When:
Thereisathreatthedominantgroup
Reallife/materialconsequences
:(e.g.sexualityandrelationships)
o
o
Pocahontasparadigm:
o Sheisglorifiedinourculture(savesexplorers)
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:15
o Indian(subordinate)servingwhitemen
o Oppositeroleplay
CI=Negative:
o NOTalwaysnegative
o Canportraysubordinategroupsinapositiveway
o Threattodominantgroupshierarchy/status
HowarecontemporaryC.Imagesrelatedtohistoricalhappenings?
ContemporaryCItoHistoricalhappenings:
o Examplewomenbeingcapableofplayingsports
Emerge:
o Reflectonwhatsgoingoninsociety
CULTURALRESISTANCE:
DEFActofconfrontinghegemonicsystembygoingagainstit.
EARLYAMERICANRACERELATIONS
FIRSTTYPE
ofHIERARCHICALDISTINCTIONinthecolonies?
o Religion
WHENdidcolorbecomerelevant:
o Whenslaverystarted,becausetherewasanotherracebesides
white.
WhydidtheUSturntotheinternationalslavetrade:
o AdvancedDevelopmentwithinAmerica
o Economicalreasons
2MOSTIMPORTANTHISTORICALMOMENTSU.S.RACIALIZEDIMAGES
1.
2.
Potentialcrisesoflegitimacyatthetime:
o Legitimizedinequality
o Coconstructingwhitesascenter,andeveryoneelseastheother
SLAVERY
o
WESTWARDEXPANSION
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:16
o
SlaveryandWestwardExpansionlinktoteamnames/symbols:
o
ThomasJefferson:
o President1stU.S.theoristofrace
o Propelledscientificresearchtofindbiologicaldifferencesbetween
races.
o Divisionofb/wbasedonscience(scientificracism)
o Didntconsiderblacks=men,notcapableofbeingcivilized
o DeclarationofIndependenceAllmenarecreatedequaldoesnt
includeblacks
WHITENESS
DEFWhiteraceisbetterthaneveryone,dominatefromthestart.
Sociallyconstructed:
o Dominantgroupcreatedthisconceptinsociety
UNMARKED/NEUTRAL
o Dontacknowledgepeopleaswhite.
o Anassumptioninsociety
o Examplethisguy(referstoawhiteperson)
Emerge:
o WhenAmericabegantoseedifferentraces.
Whodidwhitenessinterconnect/makeintoagroup
o Europeans
INDIANS
o Naturallywhite
o Darkfromexposuretosun
o Potentialtobecivilized.
SHIFTINGNOTIONSOFINDIANSinrelationtoEuropeans:
o EuropeanswantedtheIndiansland
o 1sttriedtocivilizethem
o 2ndkickedthemoutoftheirlands
Howdidtheideaschange:
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:17
o Civilizingthemtopushingthemout
CivilizingIndians:
DEFMakingthemmoreEuropean.
WhichFirstNationspeopleembracedcivilization:
o CherokeeslistenedtoJeffersonswords
o Triedtoassimilateintowhiteculture
o Madeaconstitution
o BuiltChristianschools
o Hadslaves+plantationowners
Indiansvs.Africansinrelationtotheircivilizingprospects:
o Indiansmoreacceptedbysociety(literskin)
o AAlessacceptablebysociety(darkskin,seenasanimals)
INDIANREMOVALACT(1830):
o PurposeWhiteEuropeanswantedtheIndiansland(Indians
saidtoberesisting)
o Indiansforcedtomovewestatgunpoint
o Jacksonfelttheyshouldjustdisappear
o Indiansdidnthavethequalitiesthatwereessentialtogrowthof
U.S.nation.
TrailofTears:
o Indiansmovedwest(forced/kickedoutofland)
o Manydied/starvedalongway
ManifestDestiny:
o ImportanceWhiteAmericansfeeltheyhavegodgivenrighttoALLland
inAmerica(dontneedtoearnititalreadybelongstothem).
SCIENTIFICRACISM
DEFusingsciencetoblameonracism.
o Argues:differentmentalities(b+w)
SRasNATURALIZINGsociopoliticalhierarchies:
o (Psst:linktoControllingImages!Tohegemony!)
Eugenics:(goodgenes)
o
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:18
SRasillustrativeofraceassociallyconstructed:
o
1904WORLDSFAIR
o Chicago
o CelebrationofLouisianaPurchase
o TriumphofAmericanimperialism
o TryingtoreflectonAmericasprogress/celebrateit
o Showedalldifferentcultures
o culturalzoo
LinkedtoU.S.representationsofrace:
o U.S.stilldisregardedotherothersasbeingaccepting
HumanExhibits:
o Whodisplayedothers
o Humanexhibits/differentgroupsinnaturalhabitats
o KidsfromKenyaincages
Showcaseputslavesondisplaytoshowhowtheyact
o NativeAmericansdisplayed=whattheirracewaslike
o Romanticizingtheother
LinktoOthering,Whiteness,andcontrollingimages:
o Otheringtohaveacentertherehastobeanother.
o Whitenesswhiteraceisbetterthaneveryone
o CIdominantgroupcontrolssubordinates/howperceived
SYMBOLS
DEFanything(words,gestures,objects)thatcarriesaparticularmeaningfor
membersofagroup.
Purpose:
o solidarityandcommunity
o Examplestreetgangs
o Groupidentityby:
o Name
o Codewords
o Gestures
o Specificclothing
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:19
o Colors
Types:
o Symbolswithmeaning
Raisedfinger
Greenlight
Whistle
Handshake
Raisedfist
o Trivial(insignificant)symbols
Awink
o Importantsymbols
o USflag
TEAMS&MASCOTSASSYMBOLS
Usesymbolsofaggressionandfiercenessforathleticteams
o Examples:
Hawks
Bulldogs
Pirates
Devils
Darkside
o Names,mascots,logos,flagspickedbyschoolsmaybe
insultingtosomegroup
o SymbolsmaydegradegroupslikeAfricanAmericans,Native
Americans,andwomen
o Servetokeepdominantstatusofpowerfulgroupsandless
powerforothers
o Notintentional(sometimes)butdiminishesothers=keeping
racial/genderinequities
SchoolSymbolsusedinsports:
o Power
o KeepingingroupunitySeparatingingroupfromoutgroup
o Continuinghierarchybetweenthem
Examples:
ConfederateflagatUofMississippi
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:20
NativeAmericannames(Redskins,Scalpers)andsymbols
(warpaint,tomahawks,dances)
Sexistsnamesgiventowomenssportteams
SymbolsoftheConfederacy
o NeoConfederatecultureinmuchofSouth
o OrganizationspromotingtraditionsofConfederateStatesof
America
FighttokeepConfederatesymbols(Rebelbattleflag)
o Meanings
PromotesSouthsheritage
Confederateflagsymbolizesslavery,racialseparation,and
hate
UofMississippi
o Symbolsshowsupportforracialsegregation
Rebelflag
Dixieschoolfightsong
UncleRebmascot
o Debateoversymbols
Representedstatesheritage
RepresentedhistoryofcrueltyagainstAAs
Demonstratespowerofsymbols
o Powertounite/divide
o Powersymbolshaveonpeople
NAnames/ceremonialacts
RayFranks
o StudyofnamesofathleticteamsatallU.S.colleges/universities
o Findings:
NamesassociatedwithNativeAmericansdominate
Namesusedcanbegeneric,tribal,focusonsometribute,ora
combo
InfavorofNativeAmericannames
Tributetonativepeople
Chosenbecausetheyrepresentpositivetraits:
Brave,resourceful,strong
Shouldbeproudofrecognitionofheritage
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:21
AgainstNativeAmericannames
o Leadersobjecttotheirsymbolsbeingusedbysportteams
o Raciststereotyping:
Depictionsdistorthistory
Imitations/misuseofsymbolsthathavereligioussignificanceto
someNativeAmericanpeoples
o Dances,chants,drumming,etcunderestimatestheirtrue
meaning
o ByusingthesenamessocietydefineswhoNativeAmericans
areinsteadoflettingNativeAmericansdeterminehowsociety
thinksofthem
Ritualkinship:
1. Connectionbyblood,marriage,oradoption;familyrelationship.
DEF
o Relationshipbynatureorcharacter.
Relevance:
o
Teamnames&symbolsascontrollingimages:(Eitzen)
REFLECTHISTORY&STRUCTURE?
o
Whydosomesayteamnames&symbolsaretrivialmatters:
o
Whydoothersdisagree:
o
Whydosomeresistchangingnamesandmascots:
o
CONFEDERATE:
o Names/Symbols
o PromoteSouthsheritage
o Symbolizesslavery/racialsegregation/hate
WhatHISTORICALEVENTS&RELATIONSareconfederateimageslinked
to:
o
OleMiss:Dixie,UncleReb,andtheConfederateFlag
o
Whenwerethesesymbolsadopted:
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:22
o
Whatelsewashappeningatthetime?
o
NATIVEAMERICAN/FIRSTNATIONS
symbolsandnames:examples
Whyproblematic:
o
WhatHISTORICALEVENTS&RELATIONSaretheimageslinkedto?
Whatcontemporaryrelationsandinequalitiesaretheylinkedto:
o
CHARLENETETERS
o RebelledagainstUofImascotthefightingIllini
ILLINIWEK:
who?
What?
Where?
How?
VeneerofdignityofIlliniwek
AsILLUSTRATIVEOFobjectification&homogenization
ComparetoBlackSambo!
SEXIST
DEFemphasisonphysicalcharacteristicsofwomenisoffensiveincontext
wheremenaredescribedintermsofachievement.
Markinganddynamicsofsuperiorityinferiority
AsREFLECTIVEOFSOCIALSTRUCTURE
GENDERMARKINGSTRATEGIES:diminutivefemininesuffixandmodifiers
Physicalmarkers,e.g.age(girl)gendernorm/stylemarkers(Lady)
(page6articlenotes
Malenamesasfalselygeneric
(page6articlenotes)
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:23
Asreflectingandreproducingmalefemalepolarity
(Linkaheadtothedestabilizingtendencyandcontainment)
SPORTASGENDEREDANDGENDERING
whatdothesemean?Examples?
(besuretolinkbacktoGENDERORDERandGenderStyles!)
FEMININITY
Whatisit?Wheredoesitcomefrom?
Throwinglikeagirl:whatdoesthismean?
Isthisanessentialsexdifference?Ifnot,wheredoesitcome
from?
(Hint:sexvsgender????)
Doonlygirlsthrowlikegirls?
WOMANASOTHER
Androcentrism
FEMININEBODILYEXPERIENCE:keycharacteristicsof?
Aslinkedtoconsciousness/subjectivity
Linkedtothefemalesituation
ROLEOFSPORTINCREATING
LEARNEDHAMPERINGofmovement
ImportanceofOBJECTIFICATIONto?
Formsofobjectification?
DOUBLEHESITATION:whatisit?Whyrelevant?
3MODALITIESoffemininebodilyexperience:
ambiguoustranscendence
inhibitedintentionality
discontinuousunitywiththeenvironment
HETEROSEXUALITYASANINSTITUTION:whatdoesthismean?
Whatdoesithelpussee/understand?
HeterosexualityasaSOCIALFACT(ratherthanmerelyanindividual
attribute)
Hetsex.asSETOFPRACTICES(suchas?)
weddings
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:24
HetsexasMULTIPLYDETERMINED(bywhat?)
Builtintoandinterconnectedwithotherinstitutions
Aspresenteverywhere,notjustasobviouslyregardssex/sexuality
inothersocialrelationsandinstitutions
insport
COMPULSORYcharacterofhetsex:whatcreatesthis?
HETEROSEXUALIMAGINARY
Whatdoesitmeantohaveanimaginaryrelationshiptohetsex?
Whatsortsofthingsdoesthisimaginarymakeitdifficultforusto
see?
WEDDINGSasillustrativeofthesedynamics
Howarerelationsofinequalityromanticizedinweddings?
(HETERO)GENDER:whatdoesthismean?Whyuseit?(linktoPofC)
WhydoesIngrahamarguethatheterosexualityispresentingender?
HETERONORMATIVE/heteronormativitity:whatisit?Whereisit?
Howishetsextakenforgranted?(examples)
SportasaplacetoDO(hetero)sexuality:whatdoesthismean?
(i.e.hetsexasaperformancenotnecessarilytiedtosexualacts)
TomWaddel:whowashe?Whyrelevantinthiscontext?
TIMMY:whowashe?Whyrelevantinthiscontext?
SOCIALCONTROL:basicdef
FORMALvs.INFORMAL
relationalcontrols
Selfcontrol
Canyoulinkaheadtothedisciplineoftheathleteandfitnessbuff?
SHIFTINGIMAGESOFFEMALEATHLETES:whatwerethey?
Inwhatorderdidtheyappear?
LESBIANBOGEYWOMAN(ohmy!):whowas/isshe?
Asaformofsocialcontrol
AsaBOUNDARYMARKER(ofwhat?)
3Wavesofconcernover:whenandwhy?
Originof?
MANNISHNESS:whatisit?
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:25
Asacontrollingimage
AslinkedtothePofCandthegenderednatureofteamsport
VICTORIANGENDERRELATIONS:whyimportanthere?
Victorianmarriage
Companionatemarriage
Femalefriendshipsasathreatto
Sportingwomenasthreatto
NEWWOMAN:whowasshe?
Howrelatedtofemaleathleticparticipation?
SpinsterFactories
MUSCLEMOLL:whoorwhatwerethey?whyrelevantinthiscontext?
AAGBL:whatwasit?When?Why?
femininityprincipleof
Whoarethesewomenandwhyaretheyimportantinthiscontext?
BABEDIDRICKSON
BILLIEJEANKING
Martina
RenePortland
TITLEIX:whatisit?When?Whatdiditdo?
Effectsongenderandsportingparticipation
HowdidtheNCAAtakeoverwomensathletics?
ramifications?
Olympics:whendidthemodernOlympicsbegin?
WHENDIDTHEUSFIELDITS1STWOMENSTEAM?
IstheregenderparityintheOlympicsnow?
1996OlympicsasaTURNINGPOINT:forwhat?
ImportofTitleIXto
Canyoulinkthistostealthfeminism?
What%of1996USOlympianswerefemale?
III.FEMALEATHLETESandtheGENDERORDER
Materials:Dworkin&Messner,Theberge,Girlfight,Heywood&Dworkin,
PlayingUnfair
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:26
Howaresportandthegenderorderrelated?
SPORT=MASCULINITY:whatstheequationmean?
whatstheimplicationofthisrelationforfemaleathletes?
LinkbacktothePofC!!
Howisthisrelatedtosportsabilitytoproduce(hetero)gender?
FEMALEATHLETEASCONTESTEDIDEOLOGICALTERRAIN
Whatdoesthismean?
REPRODUCTIVEAGENCY
Individualizedsportingempowerment
CommodityFeminism
(Justdoit!)
Canyoulinkthistohegemony?
RESISTANTAGENCY:whatisit?
Compareandcontrastwithreproductiveagency
SPORTASAMALEPRESERVE:whatdoesthismean?
Howisthepreserveenforced?(thinkpractices&policies,andimages&
meanings)
(linkbacktothebigscarymannishlesbian!)
Whataretheeffectsofthepreserve?
Howdoesthisrelatetothenaturalsexhierarchy?
ADAPTEDMODELOFSPORT:whatisit?Whatdoesitdo?
Examplesof
Asatypeofcontainmentofthedestabilizingtendency
Hockeyvs.womenshockey:whyrelevanthere?
Asexampleofmarking
Howaremensandwomenshockeydifferent?
Howdoplayersandcoachesfeelaboutthewomensrules?
Howdoestheadaptedmodelrelatetosportasgendering?
Tothenaturalnessofthesexbinary?
Tothenaturalnessofmalesuperiority?
FemaleathleteasposingaDESTABILIZINGTENDENCY:towhat?
How?
RelationtoTitleIX
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:27
HowisthethreatofthefemaleathleteCONTAINED?
CanyoulinkbacktoControllingImages??!Toteamnames?
Representationsoffemaleathletes:TRENDSin
PICTURESof
ascomparedtomaleathletes
MEDIACOVERAGEof
ascomparedtomaleathletes
(hetero)SEXUALIZATIONof:explainandillustrate
BabeFactorand
Heterosexyimageof:explainandillustrate
WNBAasanexampleof
TRIVIALIZATIONof:explainandillustrate
Contradictionsofwomenssportingparticipation
IncorporatingPractices:whatarethey?whyrelevanthere?
POSITIVEEFFECTSofsportingparticipationforgirls&women:whatare
they????
NEGATIVEeffectsofsportingparticipationforgirlsandwomen
FEMALEATHLETETRIAD:whatisit?
AthleticFemaleBodyasthenewIdeal:whatdoesthismean?
Dangersof?
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:28
Sportasaformofdiscipline
STEALTHFEMINISM:whatisit?Whyisitneeded?
Howdoathletesneedfeminismandhowdoesfeminismneedathletes?
WhydoHeywood&Dworkinarguethatwomenssportcouldgoeither
way?
GOLDENGHETTO:whatisit?
Whataspectsofracerelationsandsportdoesthismetaphorgetat?
POPULARVIEWofsportandrace:whatisit?
Implicitassumptionsoftheview
Isthereevidencetosupportthepopview?Ifso,whatisit?
WhydoesHartmandescribethepop.viewasideological?
Importof1996Olympicsto
ScholarlyCRITIQUESofthepopview:
whatarethe2types?Howdotheycompare?
INSTITUTIONALIST:Whatmakesthesecritiquesinstitutional?
Whatdotheyargue?Basedonwhatevidence?
%ofAfricanAmericansinprosportcomparedtogen.pop
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:29
(OVER,orUNDER,REPRESENTATIVE?)
STACKING:whatisit?
OVERINVESTMENTTHESIS:Whatisit?
Evidencefororagainstit?
(Canyourelatethistoreproductiveagency?)
CULTURALIST:whatmakesthesecritiquescultural?
Whatdotheyargue?
Canyourelatethistocontrollingimages&hegemony?ToHoopDreams?
RACEASFLOATINGSIGNIFIER
Howcanpositiveimageshavenegativeand/orconservative
consequences?(hint:whatbinariesareinterconnected?)
SPORTASCONTESTEDRACIALTERRAIN:whatdoesthismean?
Evidencefortheview?
CompareAlitoMichaelJordanandTigerWoods
PositiveimagesofBlack(male)athletes:whyaretheseimportant?
JackieRobinson
Howdotheseimagesrelatetocontemporarypolitics?
SOC102FINALEXAMSTUDYGUIDE,F09:30
HowareeventsinHoopDreamsrelevanttothecontestedracialterrain
idea?
WhatisHartmansviewoftheroleofsportforprogressiveracialchange?
OnwhatgroundsdoesHartmanbasehisclaimstotheimportofsportfor
U.S.racerelations?
WhatdoesthefocusonAfricanAmericansportsheroesdetractour
attentionfromorpreventusfromseeing/recognizing?