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The Chapter Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914
I. Introduction
A. Introduction
1. Major Themes
a. Political Upheaval age of revolution 1775-1848
b. Exportation of western European institutions to settler societies
2. Major Changes
a. Monarchies replaced by parliaments (extensive voting)
b. North America emerges as major force in world economics
3. Series of disruptions
a. New cultural forms some challenge/support Enlightened thought
b. New states Germany and United States
c. Led to new alliances which led to the Great War
4. Phases of Western transformation
a. 1750-1775 Period of growing crisis
b. 1775-1850 political revolution simultaneously with industrial revolution
c. 1850-1914 implications of industrial revolution
B. Optimism in Chaos
1. Marquis de Condorcet Progress of the Human Mind
a. Due to literacy/education mankind on the verge of perfection
i. This humble man died in jail
II. The Age of Revolution
A. Forces of Change
1. Cultural change change in intellectual thought Enlightenment
a. Political thought challenged government
i. Jean-Jacques Rousseau government based on general will
ii. Gap between leaders and thinkers this isnt a good precedent
b. Also encouraged economic/social change
2. New businesspeople challenged old aristocracy
a. New power structure vs. old economic values
3. Population revolution
a. better border control kept out those annoying immigrants with disease
b. improved nutrition
c. Effects
i. upper class needed to control their position feel threatened
ii. cant inherit property > join working class
iii. rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing
a. protoindustrialization set foundation for future capitalism
i. putting out system capitalism out of your house
1. run by merchants materials, work orders, sales
iv. altered behaviors
a. consumer mentality keeping up with the Joneses
b. premarital sex
c. parents lose control cant threaten inheritance anymore
d. defiance of authority
B. The American Revolution
1. A Sortof Revolution change of power from one group of elites to another
i. Enlightened ideas used to justify switch, desire for political office
ii. Atlantic coast colonies win
1. Why? - British blunders + French help
2. Set up new government incorporated Enlightened ideas
a. Montesquieu checks and balances divided branches
b. Civil liberties butkept that thing called slavery
c. Voting rights
C. Crisis in France in 1789
1. This would set precedent that would transform all of Europe
2. Causes
i. Ideological factors Enlightenment pressure limit Church/aristocracy
ii. Social changes merchant class wanted more power
iii. Peasants pressed by population issues want freedom from aristocracy
iv. Catalyst economic problems by French govt - series of wars/Versailles
3. Louis XVI calls Estates General
i. Supposed to be three estates but turns into National Assembly
ii. King gives this legitimacy after riots, women marching, and chaos
4. Summer of discontent
i. National Assembly passes Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
ii. Storming of Bastille symbol of repression destroyed almost vacant prison
iii. Great Fear riots on countryside lead to Great Flight
iv. Led to monumental changes
1. Seizure of church lands
2. New parliament to restrict king
3. Freedom religion, press, property
D. The French Revolution: Radical and Authoritarian Phases
1. Enters Radical Phase in 1792
i. Reign of Terror get rid of monarchy
ii. Push revolution further
iii. Executed potential threats guillotine becomes weapon of choice
2. Maximilien Robespierre
i. Leader of radical phase
1. Lost touch with issues of the people
a. Creates new religion cult of the Supreme Being
b. Doesnt listen to issues of urban dwellers
2. Eventually arrested himself
3. New changes
i. Proclaimed universal manhood suffrage
ii. Universal weights and measures crazy dudes
iii. slavery abolished
iv. universal military conscription loyalty to the state
1. Now France has a huge, motivated army
2. Makes Europe nervous spread revolutionary ideals
4. Nationalism new spirit national anthem
i. replaced allegiance to locality and the Church
5. Enter Napoleon followed conservative phase oligarchy
i. Centralized system of secondary schools/universities
ii. Meritocracy achievement based on skills, not birth
iii. Religious freedom
iv. Tries to conquer Europe
1. Repelled in Russia
2. Tore down local governments elsewhere
a. They now gave loyalty to the nation
E. A Conservative Settlement and the Revolutionary Legacy
1. Congress of Vienna national lines drawn
i. Tried to create a balance of power create strong powers around France
1. Prussia gains power in Germany
2. Piedmont in Northern Italy
3. Britain gains new territory around the world
4. Russia maintains control of Poland
ii. Tried to restore the old days conservative monarchy
1. Butliberals push for political change
a. More say for the people
b. Govt stays out of individual issues
c. Constitutional rules for religion, press, and assembly
d. Economic reforms
e. Better education
2. Then there was theradicals
a. Wanted way more power for people universal suffrage
b. Socialism attack private property and divide equally
iii. Revolutions from students and urban artisans most to gain
1. Greece breaks away from Ottomans, Italy, Germany, Belgium, France
2. U.S. takes away land rights Jacksonian Democracy
3. Britain Reform Bill of 1832 parliamentary vote to middle class men
4. By 1830s Western Europe has solid parliaments
F. Industrialization and the Revolutions of 1848
1. Now factory workers are getting ticked off whatever happened to skilled labor?
i. Chartist movement regulate technologies slow down so we have a job
2. Revolutions of 1848 climax of protest
i. France starts it up again socialism government supported jobs/womens
rights
1. Ended up replacing with another authoritarian Napoleons nephew
ii. Nationalism demands in Germany and Austria-Hungary autonomy
3. Revolution fails again
i. revolution too drastic need to choose more moderate methods
ii. better transportation reduces food crisis the major catalyst
iii. Better riot control police
4. Butindustrial business class starts to replace aristocrats new money vs. old money
i. Now it became those with money vs. those without
III. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914
A. Introduction
a. Infrastructure gradually improves
i. Railroads, canals, urbanization
1. Britain 50% live in cities first time in human history
ii. Handle city problems
1. Sanitation, parks, regulation of food/housing facilities
2. Crime rates drop/stabilize
B. Adjustments to Industrial Life
a. Family life changes
i. Low birth rates/low death rates kids more important not source of income
ii. Better health for kids only 10% are dying before 10 years old yippee!
iii. Louis Pasteur discovers germs better health/sanitation
b. Consumer culture begins
i. More money to buy products living above subsistence
c. Rise in corporations
i. more stock owned companies
ii. labor unions created
1. workers bargain for better pay/conditions
d. Farmer life improves
i. More connected
ii. Developed staple crops
iii. Cooperatives to market crops/purchase supplies can be done cheaper if work
together
C. Political Trends and the Rise of New Nations
a. Governments start to gradually enact reforms to avoid revolution
i. Key issues voting rights, freedom of religion, conserve wealth of old
b. Promoting active foreign policy creates nationalist fervor
i. Expanding empire people forget domestic issues no, really?
c. Creating nations
i. Count Camillo di Cavour Piedmont unites Italy - alliance with France
1. Fought Austria for Northern provinces peninsula unites
2. Revolution from control of the Church
ii. Otto von Bismarck unites Germany
1. Forced conflict with other nations unify to German people
2. Defeated France in 1871 new Germany
3. Parliament has lower house based on universal suffrage
iii. America stays one nation industrial North defeats rural-based South
1. industrial weaponry and transport systems give hint of war to come
d. Goal now becomes keeping political power and getting elected
i. For the most part, status quo is kept whether liberal or conservative party
ii. Italy calls it trasformismo basically the peaceful transfer of power in which
there is no radical change, but you add the suffix -mo at the end
D. The Social Question and New Government Functions
a. West starts having civil service exams just about 1000 years after Chinese
b. New schools
i. Increase literacy rates
ii. Teach domestic roles to women
iii. Preach nationalism language, history, attack minorities/immigrant cultures
c. Welfare programs to help old, injured, unemployed Bismarck ahead of the game
d. Social question not political/economic equality, but social equality
i. Socialism Karl Marx
1. who controls means of production?
2. Middle class defeated aristocracy and now it was the workers turn
a. Eventually class eliminated proletariats vs. bourgeoisie
3. Socialists parties grow in popularity across W. Europe
a. Fiery speakers attract workers
4. Revision accomplish social equality peacefully a compromise
ii. Feminist movements
1. Equal access to employment, education, vote
2. Middle class women led the charge
a. Active, passionate leadership
b. Window smashing, arson, hunger strikes, petitions, marches
IV. Cultural Transformations
A. Emphasis on Consumption and Leisure
a. Better wages + reduction in hours = free time, expendable income
b. Also, factories produced tons of cheap goods
i. Advertisement encouraged
ii. Bicycle fad of 1880s
1. People line up starts changing clothing of women
c. Mass leisure culture
i. Newspapers with fluff bold headlines/human interest stories
1. crime, sports, comics, crime, corruption, violence
ii. Live comedy and music
iii. Vacation trips seaside resorts grow
d. Team sports
i. Discipline and coordination necessary
ii. Commercial industry grew uniforms, rubber balls, stadiums
iii. Hypercommunity loyalties Go 49ers!!!!
iv. Olympics reintroduced in 1896
e. New priorities
i. More secular people turn to worldly entertainments
ii. Mass leisure allows passion, vicarious participation in sports We won!!!
B. Advances in Scientific Knowledge
a. Rising prosperity led to more time for scientific/artistic exploration
i. Improvements in medicine, agriculture
ii. Still used rationalist perspective almost solely secular
b. Charles Darwin 1859 Origin of Species
i. animal/plant species evolve over time from earlier forms
ii. Nature worked through random struggle
iii. Conflicts with religious doctrine
c. Physics expands Albert Einsteins Theory of Relativity - adds notion of time
d. Expanding empirical knowledge of humans statistics for everything
i. Attempts to explain business cycles, causes of poverty, behavior of crowds
e. Sigmund Freud theories of human subconscious to explain behavior
C. New Directions in Artistic Expression
a. Some artistic approach reflected logic and daily lives
i. Charles Dickens novels on human behavior
ii. Georges Seurat pointillism
b. Buta lot of art went off on random tangents
i. Romanticism emotion/impression more important than reason/generalization
ii. Start breaking form no more poetry rhyming, why plot, painting evocative
a. If you want to be literal, use a camera
iii. Art becomes abstract art for arts sake
c. Sobasicallythere is no one way of doing things science, or art
i. More debate over life Conservatism vs. liberalism
ii. Tensions in the modern mind
V. Western Settler Societies
A. Introduction
a. Causes of Western expansion
i. new markets for processed goods
ii. created commercial agriculture in other regions
a. satisfy need for raw materials, agricultural products
iii. communication/transportation facilitated expansion
iv. Nationalistic rivalries
v. Businesspeople sought new chances for profit
vi. Missionaries sought chances for profit
vi. Massive European emigration
b. Success of expansion
i. Steamships brings technology inland
ii. Improved weaponry artillery and machine gun
B. Emerging Power of the United States
a. First hundred years remained isolated
i. Improved infrastructure, political system, internal growth, westward expansion
ii. New stream of immigrants in 1850s
iii. Success of America borrowed by Europeans during revolutions
b. Civil War industrial North vs. agricultural South
i. Civil War freed slaves, but South eventually reenslaved through sharecropping
ii. Accelerated Americas industrialization
a. Expand transportation networks
b. Armaments manufacturers need markets after war
c. American agriculture mechanized exported to world
iii. American military, art, technology had very little impact abroad
D. European Settlements in Canada, Australia and New Zealand
a. Borrowed heavily from Western Civilization
i. Parliamentary legislatures and economies mirrored
ii. Cultural styles borrowed from Europe
b. Remained part of British Empire
c. Canada
i. Tried to create gradual self-government to avoid revolution
ii. Quebec created to ease French tension
iii. New immigrants poor in during last part of 18th century
d. Australia
i. 1788-1853 exported convicts
ii. Discovery of gold increases population in 1850s
iii. Unified federal nation claimed on January 1, 1900
e. New Zealand
i. Conflict with Maoris attempts to convert to Christianity
ii. Agricultural population
iii. Parliament allowed to rule self without interference from mother country
f. Connections
i. All remained agricultural necessitated exchanges with England
ii. Themes of liberalism, socialism, modern art, and science transported
iii. Received new waves of immigrants during 19th century
1. Export of people huge issue
iv. Industrialization leads to rapid colonization
1. Communication and transportation created quickly
VI. Diplomatic Tensions and World War I
A. Introduction
a. Germany becomes new power in Europe by 1880s secured alliances
b. World ran out of places to carve up by 1900
i. Africa gone, only a few areas left
c. Britain threatened by Germanys industrialization and navy
d. France more concerned with Germany aligns self with Russia/Britain
B. The New Alliance System
a. Two alliance systems dominate
i. Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
ii. Triple Entente Britain, Russia, France
b. Arms race created to intimidate/defend against rivals
i. military conscription during peacetime
c. Each alliance had unstable partner
i. Russia revolution in 1905 would it be crippled?
ii. Austria-Hungary nationality disputes want self-determination/autonomy
d. Balkan states only adding to difficulty
i. Balkan nations broke away from Ottoman Empire
ii. Serbia expanding this threatens Austria-Hungary that has Serbian population
1. Gabrio Princip kills Archduke Ferdinand
2. Austria vows to punish Serbia Russia comes to aid
3. Germany attacks France then Russia before they can mobilize
C. Diplomacy and Society
a. Nationalist competition got out of control no other civilizations to threaten
b. Governments attempts to distract population through foreign actions
i. Butonce imperialism was too easy, then what?
c. Plusmilitary build-ups need buyers for products
d. Mass newspapers shape nationalist pride
e. Initially people excited about war
i. Some people thought it was a nice break from stability of the world
VII. Global Connections
A. Imperialism and redefinition of world economy put Europe interests everywhere
B. Russia tried to avoid situation warned against parliamentary politics
C. European ideas of socialistm liberalism, radicalism were exported to other regions around the
world later used to overthrow oppressors