Effects Welfare of Air Pollution
Monday, February 11, 2008 ENV 4101/5105 Godish Chapter 6 For extra reference: EPA http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/
Introduction
Criteria Air Pollutants:
Review: NAAQS from CAA
Primary standards Secondary standards
Hazardous Air Pollutants: Hg, dioxins, etc
Regulated under 1990 CAA Amendments Bioaerosols, Fluorides May not have specific regulations
Some other important welfare aspects
What are welfare effects?
Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone
Cause: ______________________ Source: ______________________ "Good O3" vs. "Bad O3" Primary component of photochemical smog Sunlight and hot weather
Summertime pollutant Mostly local impact
Los Angeles, Wikipeida, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_(CA)
Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone
Unpleasant appearance in urban cities
photochemical smog
Deterioration of synthetic rubber, textiles, paints
US EPA in How Stuff Works Website, http://science.howstuffworks.com/ozone-pollution.htm
Gates Corporation http://www.gates.com/brochure.cfm?brochure=2833&location_id=3369
Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone
Leaf damage
Chlorophyll damage: "flecks" Discoloration US damage to crops est. as 1 billion dollars annually (1985) 25% reduction: +$1.7 billion 40% reduction: +$2.5 billion Loss of forest in US and Europe
Reducing crop yields and forest growth
Tobacco leaf which has sustained ozone damage
http://www.lambtonwildlife.com/nature_notes_98/tobac.fld/tobacp.htm
Ponderosa Pine (left: undamaged; right: damaged) Image from Miller et al (1996) USFS PSW-GTR-155
http://www.cbesurvey.org/aplv/panek/research.htm
Ozone damage on white pine (Photograph courtesy of A. Heagle)
NC State, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/Ornamental/odin19/od19.htm
Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx
Cause: Source: Regional impacts
Acid precursor (covered later) Ozone precursor
Absorbs blue-green Necrosis at 2-10 ppm Growth retardation at 0.5 ppm Eutrophication Nitrophilous
Plant damage
Brown haze over Fort Collins, Photo by M. Osecky
http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/~hail/cool/polution/pages/ftc_12-19-2003.htm
Ecosystem
Criteria Air Pollutants: SOx
Cause: Source: Regional impacts Acid precursor (covered later) Damage to plants
Chlorosis: Necrosis: Plasmolysis:
Lettuce with discoloration due to chlorosis UC IPM, photo by Jack Kelly Clark http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/L/D-CC-LIYV-FS.006.html
Damage to animals
Similar to health effects in humans
Paper: converted to H2SO4, brittling paper Leather: initiates cracking
http://www.dias.kvl.dk/Plantvirology/esymptoms/symp-color.html
Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and SOx
Acid precipitation Non-localized pollution Normal precip: pH ~ 5 to 5.6
Original limestone sculpture in Krakow, Poland, severely damaged after years of exposure to acid rain
Acid precip: pH ~ 3 to 4.5
HNO3 and H2SO4 Form acids in atmosphere
Wet deposition Dry deposition
60%- sulfur based; 35%nitrogen based Corrosion and deterioration of structures
Replicate made to replace original
http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/Nr_6_Feb__2__6_acid_rain/C__Formation_of_acids_5i8.html
Photo: Sebastian Wypych;
Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and SOx
Decrease water/soil pH
Episodic acidification Release of aluminum Reduce fish populations
Water Body acidification
US EPA, http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html
Lakes becoming fishless Affect biodiversity
Little Echo Pond, Franklin, NY pH = 4.2 Dissolves nutrients and minerals from soil Necrosis Effects of acid rain on forest in Jizera Mountains of Czech Republic; Growth abnormalities http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain
Harmful to Trees
Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and SOx
Let's tie together different areas of env. eng... What are the components of theCarbonic Acidsystem? carbonate (H CO )
How is it defined? ] + 2[CO Alk (eq/m ) = [HCO
Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and SOx
200+ now-fishless lakes in Adirondacks Little Echo Pond, Franklin, NY pH = 4.2 Thousands of lakes in Canada (Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick) nowfishless
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/194acidraineffects.html
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Review from 1/24 lecture Very small solids/liquids that remain suspended Anthropogenic causes: materials handling, combustion processes, gas conversion reactions Main sources: industrial processes, coal and oil burning, vehicles
Primary Stds. Revoked(2) 150 g/m3 Averaging Times Annual(2) (Arith. Mean) 24-hour(3) Annual(4) (Arith. Mean)
24-hour(5)
Pollutant Particulate Matter (PM10) Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Secondary Stds.
15.0 g/m3 35 g/m3
Same as Primary
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Visibility Reduction
PM2.5 haze (review from 1/28 lecture) Eastern parks' avg. visual range reduced from 90 to 15-25 mi. Western parks' avg. visual range reduced from 140 to 35-90 mi.
http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Permits /ARIS/index.cfm for more national parks air quality info
Wildfires Serve as condensation nuclei Effect on fog and precipitation
Weather Patterns
Great Smokey Mountains National Park, US EPA, http://www.epa.gov/visibility/
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
PM derivatives of SO2 and NOx (sulfates and nitrates)
Intensifier Refer to SOx and NOx section Lake/stream acidification Nutrient depletion in soils Plant damage Ecosystem diversity upset
New York City building faade after century of dirt (PM) accumulation http://www.nycjpg.com/2003/pages/0802.html
Environmental Damage
Aesthetics Damage
Stain and damage stone structures
Criteria Air Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide
Review...
Cause: incomplete combustion Source: transportation sector, energy production, residential heating units, some industrial processes
Ambient concerns addressed by NAAQS OSHA (50 ppm avg over 8-hour period) CO contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone (refer to ozone section) photochemical smog Otherwise, largely inert to plants and materials
Pollutant Carbon Monoxide
Primary Stds. 9 ppm (10 mg/m3) 35 ppm (40 mg/m3)
Averaging Times 8-hour(1) 1-hour(1)
Secondary Stds. None None
Criteria Air Pollutants: Lead (Pb)
Health effects in animals
Domestic and wild Similar to humans
What would these include?
http://www.eaglevalleyraptorcenter.org/rehabilitation.asp
Slow vegetation growth
Crop damage
http://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/lead_poisoning.htm
Other Heavy Metals
Source: metal smelters
Copper, zinc, nickel
Severe vegetation destruction
Including crops
Rock left barren by Nickel smelter emissions in the Sudbury area; Natural Resrouces Canada http://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/2002_2006/sdki/mine/geospatial_e.php
Area of forest where vegetation cover has colonized as a result of reduced emissions; Natural Resrouces Canada http://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/2002_2006/sdki/mine/geospatial_e.php
HAPs: Mercury
Elemental Hg inhaled as a vapor, absorbed by lungs Cause: vaporized mercury Sources: coal combustion, accidental spill, mining Deposition in lakes, streams, http://www.friendsforourriverfront.org/2005/02/informa tion-for-press-and-media.html estuaries Biologically turned into Some Florida Fish Advisories: Lake Alto (Alachua Co.): Children & Women of methylmercury Childbearing Age should NOT eat Large Mouth Accumulation in fatty tissue Bass, Bowfin, or Gar Effects: Lake Disston (Flagler Co.): No one should eat Large Progresses up food chain
Mouth Bass, Bowfin, or Gar From coastal waters: No one should eat: Shark larger than 43 in.; King mackerel larger than 31 in. http://www.doh.state.fl.us/floridafishadvice/Fish_consumption_guide.pdf
HAPs: Dioxins
Generic term for several chemicals that highly are persistent in the environment
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) certain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
Cause: burning chlorine-based compounds with hydrocarbons Sources: waste incinerator
3,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl
HAPs: Dioxins
Fish Consumption Advisory for Dioxins in Florida: Do NOT Eat Checker Puffer Fish or Striped Mojarra from Wagner Creek in MiamiDade County
http://www.doh.state.fl.us/floridafishadvice/Fish_consumption_gu ide.pdf
Airborne dioxins deposit in environment Slowly decompose Taken up by animals (domestic or wild) Accumulate in fat 95% of human dioxin exposure through dietary intake of animal fats
http://www.southfloridasportfishing.com/species2.cfm?c=v&n=91&ct=5&l=S
Fluoride
Source: metal and stone processing, fertilizer manufacturing Livestock damage
Used to cause most domestic animal damage of all air pollutants Still a concern in developing countries Intake from contaminated forage Fluorosis Chronic: dental and skeletal changes Uptake of gaseous HF through leaves Uptake of soluble particulates through leaves/roots Accumulate in leaf margins and tips
Tip necrosis
Plant damage
Fluorine damage in Dracina leaf; http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/PDDCEducation/MasterGardener/General/Slide57.htm
Glass etching
Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols
Aerosols with organic origin
Non-viable: pollen, dander, insect excreta, sea salt Viable: microorganisms
Cause: aerosolization of organic material Sources:
Human: sneezing, coughing, agriculture Non-human: wind, waves, WWTP
Mechanical aeration in oxidation ditch at UF WWTP
Welfare Effects: crop, livestock damage, GEM, tourism
Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols
Crop Damage
Fungi Irish Potato Famine
Fungi phytophthora infestans 500,000-1,000,000 people killed between 1849-1846 2,000,000 refugees to England, US, etc
Livestock Damage
Close quarters Bovine Respiratory Disease
1999 Deaths: ~60% 1991 BRD deaths: $624 million
Genetically Engineered Crops
Cross-pollination w/ non-GE crops Reduction of genetic diversity allows for susceptibility
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Potato_Famine_%281845%E2%80%931849%29
Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols
Red tide
Dinoflagellate produces toxin Broken in waves Toxin released Irritating
Tourism
Woods Hole Oceanological Institution http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=9257
Image courtesy of P. Schmidt, Charlotte (FL) Sun
Odors
Largely nuisance Common sources: WWTP, pulp and paper mills, feedlots/livestock, rendering plants Amines, sulfur gasses (H2S, mercaptans), phenol, NH3, aldehydes, fatty acids
Photo by Kurt Hegre, the Fresno Bee, 2000
Ecosystem Destruction
Effects rarely isolated Everything connected Forest destruction
Habitat
Animal death or bioaccumulation
Food chain
USGS South Florida Information Access http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/fs/166-96/fig1.html
Economic Losses
In light of the many welfare effects, in what ways could these have an economic impact? Crop damage Livestock damage Property value
Odors, visibility, vegetation damage Increased maintenance Cultural importance National parks Cultural monuments No work Medical visit
Structural and metal damage
Tourism
Losses due to illnesses (welfare effects from health effects)
And likely many more! Note: slide posted following lecture
Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
San Joaquin Valley... Nation's "Salad Bowl" Major transportation sector Western border: Coastal Range Eastern border: southern Sierra Nevadas
Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Seqouia National Parks
Winds enter through Bay Area Hot summers A few large cities: Bakersfield, Fresno, Stockton, Modesto, Visalia
All cities <500,000 population Population growth: +20% from '90 to '00 Daily VMT: +25% from '90 to `00
Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
25 Most Ozone-Polluted Cities 2006 Rank1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Metropolitan Areas Bakersfield,CA Los AngelesLong Beach Riverside,CA VisaliaPorterville,CA FresnoMadera,CA Merced,CA HoustonBaytownHuntsville,TX SacramentoArdenArcade Truckee,CANV DallasFort Worth, TX New YorkNewarkBridgeport, NYNJ CTPA PhiladelphiaCamdenVineland, PA NJDEMD Metropolitan Areas Most Polluted by Year-Round Particle Pollution (Annual PM2.5) 2006 Rank1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 Metropolitan Areas Los AngelesLong Beach Rivereside, CA Bakersfield, CA PittsburghNew Castle, PA VisaliaPorterville, CA FresnoMadera, CA DetroitWarrenFlint, MI HanfordCorcoran, CA ClevelandAkronElyria, OH BirminghamHooverCullman, AL AtlantaSandy Springs Gainesville, GAAL
American Lung Association 2006 State of the Air Best and Worst Cities
http://lungaction.org/reports/sota06_cities.html
Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
Some of the nation's most polluted air Non-attainment for state or federal ozone and PM2.5
35-40 days exceeding federal ozone >100 days over CA ozone ~5 days exceeding federal PM2.5 90-100 days exceeding CA PM2.5 ~3.5 million in entire valley (250 miles long by ~75 miles wide) Compared to Miami-Dade/Broward/Palm Beach Counties: 5.4 million in area 110 miles long by 5-20 miles wide
Largely rural
Why the San Joaquin Valley?
Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
Group Activity... What are the likely sources of pollutants in this valley? Why is it so bad in this area? What are the likely health effects of these pollutants? What are the likely welfare effects of these pollutants?
Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
Oil Rigs near Bakersfield; http://www.ems.psu.edu/~elsworth/courses/ cause2000/SemesterReports/NWmacrofinal/ff_petroleum.htm
What are the likely sources of pollutants in this valley? Agriculture
Fields - PM Burning PM, NO (O ), SO ,
Airborne pesticide PM, VOC Transportation sector PM, NO (O ), SO
Far Top: www.thealpacastore.com/grapevinecam/
Top and Right: Photos by Tom Myers http://www.tommyersphotography.com/detail.asp?PhotoID=2361
http://www.tommyersphotography.com/detail.asp?PhotoID=2245 http://www.tommyersphotography.com/detail.asp?PhotoID=2365&CtgryID=33&Child=
Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
Why is it so bad in this area? Geography
Winds Mountains
Bay Area and Sacramento sources
27% in north SJ Valley 7% in South SJ Valley
Hot, stagnant summersJuly/Aug Normal high >95 F in
USDA 1972 at http://www.cbesurvey.org/aplv/panek/ozone.htm
Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
What are the likely health effects of these pollutants? San Joaquin County: 23.1% of children had lifetime asthma prevalence Fresno County: highest childhood asthma rate in state
No. 1 reason for missing school
2006 Summer: 23 Spare the Air Days Health Advisories common in Valley
2002: 11+ 1998: 14
Courtesy NASA
Note: slide posted following lecture
Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
What are the likely welfare effects of these pollutants? Decreased visibility National parks
Sequoiaof CA pines from O parks Decline one of worst polluted
Visibility Impairment at El Capitan in Yosemite with Half Dome
in the background; http://epa.gov/air/visibility/parks/yosemite.html
Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
What are the likely welfare effects of these pollutants? Medical care Missed work Less enjoyable lifestyle Note: slide posted following lecture
Review of Lecture
Welfare Effects
Criteria pollutants
Purpose of primary standards Wide range of welfare effects
Crop/vegetation damage Livestock damage Building and material damage
HAPs Other aerosols Trickle effect of welfare effects
Ecosystem destruction Economic associations Effects are felt throughout world
Connections: Air is pervasive