Textile The industry in Britain was defined as a widespread
of
machinery
during
Britain
industrial
revolution.
The
textile industry in Britain was an industry primarily used
for manufacturing of clothing as well as textile machinery.
The
British
industry
at
the
very
beginning
was
the
production of clothing which became a mainstream industry.
The
tool
that
was
used
back
then
was
a
handloom
and
spinning wheels that were used by weavers in their cottages.
The production of textile especially woolen cloth has
always been a feature of the economic life of society from
the
time
when
men
began to wear clothes. (Addy, 1976)
The impetus for the production of wool for weaving into
cloth followed the arrival of Cistercian order in England
1138. (Addy, 1976)
In the early stages if development no
one had a mill in mind as the ultimate end of process but
merely as a method to speed up domestic production. (Addy,
1976)
The origin of the textile industry was the individual
artisans who used handlooms and spinning wheels as a main
instrument to process textile.
The handloom was originally
an invention that was made by the Romans and it was use by
them to produce yarn and this was why the artisan
attain
cloth
1
and
converted it to clothes.
workers
The textile
industry was a really small industry in which people worked
out of their kitchens and homes it wasnt until the new
inventions, which came along in the 1700s that started the
turning point of the industrial revolution.
Industrialization of England Textiles was the first
of
the
developments
that
revolutionized
the
textile
industry was the invention of the flying shuttle by John
Kay in 1733. This was a mechanism on a loom that projected
the shuttle carrying the wool back and forth across the
warp.
Weaving
was
so
much
faster
on
looms
with
flying
shuttles that a yarn shortage soon developed. (Industrial
Revolution, 2010)
Indeed
growth
considerably.
stress
that
accounting has revised growth figures
The
there
results
was
not
of
recent
much
revisions
difference
actually
between
pre-
industrial growth and in the early phase of the industrial
revolution.(Persson, 2010)
Before
the
industrial
society
completely
depend
on
individual qualification and the abilities of people they
primary
relied
individualized.
on
The
the
process
picture
of
the
of
labor
mainly
production
process
before having industrialization was the wealthy that had
their
peasants
2
in
their
workshop.
The
industrial
revolution made revolutionary adjustment and it was rather
vital between the pre-industrial and the industrial society.
Several textile machines was invented in this short
period of time such as the flying shuttle the marked an
improvement
to
looms
that
increased
the
productivity
of
weavers and the spinning jenny, which was the making of
yarn and the weaving of cloth. (Hackett, 1992)
In the
early 1700s new inventions started to emerge such as the
flying shuttle and the spinning jenny. Scientist did not do
the new textile machine inventions but everyday carpenters.
The flying shuttle was and upgrade to the handloom and
was invented in 1733 by John Kay.
improvement
that
helped
weavers
This invention was an
to
work
quicker.
The
original shuttle consists of a bobbin that the weft yarn
was wound.
The loom which is large had two weavers to
throw the shuttle.
The flying shuttle on the other hand
the leaver was thrown by one person.
The
weavers
in
Bury,
where
the
new
shuttle
was
introduced, feared the new invention would take away their
employment, so there were threats to kill John Kay. (Addy,
1976)
The attitude of the mob became so violent that he
had to flee. (Addy, 1976)
The Colchester weavers said
Kay
employment,
would
3
destroy
their
and
the
Leeds
Manufacturers, in 1738, refused to pay any royalties to Kay
but were very willing to make use of his shuttle. (Addy,
1976)
In Subsequent the law suit on this matter with Kay
and the flying shuttle was ruined by the costs. (Addy,
1976)
Although he petitioned the government, from time to
time for assistance, there was no response. (Addy, 1976)
Kay went to France where he received some assistance, but
despite further applications to the British government for
some reward for his invention he received nothing. (Addy,
1976)
The spinning jenny another textile machinery invented
by
a
British
carpenter
named
James
Hargreaves.
The
spinning jenny was an upgrade of the spinning wheel, which
was a machine that turned some fibers into yarn and thread
to weave into clothing.
James Hargreaves worked on his
design and produced a hand spinning machine based on the
old single thread wheel, which could spin six threads at
one time. (Addy, 1976)
The spinning wheel in use at that time turned only a
single
spindle,
Inventors
started
which
twisted
designing
the
machines
fiber
into
to
replace
yarn.
the
spinning wheel. About 1760 James Hargreaves introduced the
4
spinning jenny, a machine that turned a number of spindles
at the same time. (Industrial Revolution, 2010)
Hargreaves named his new machine a jenny a corruption
of the term engine and this new machine was soon being
produce so much yarn that their livelihood was in danger.
(Addy, 1976)
Sooner or later Hargreaves house was under
attack and his furniture was destroy by the mob. (Addy,
1976)
The rise of factories was in the works apart from two
attempts
to
introduce
industry was close.
the
factory
system
a
factory
system
for
the
textile
It was in these remote valleys that
began
away
and
remote
from
the
industrial centers, often in small hamlets where the supply
of
labor
was
a
problem
difficult. (Addy, 1976)
and
communication
s
frequently
These mills required a discipline
and punctual working force which could appear at a set time
to
maintain
continuous
production
of
cotton
and
yarn.
(Addy, 1976)
River valleys in which the factory system would setup
shop would often build communities for men and women who
would work for them because before it would show a problem
for there employees not showing up for work because they
came when they felt like it.
5
In other areas communities
itself was changing as industrial expansion imposed a new
structure.
(Addy,
1976)
It
was
realized
by
the
some
factory owners that old settled families would want to seek
new residence in these areas so that would leave some of
these
factory
owners
to
have
industrialized
development
which was mainly in the East Lancashire and West of England.
The beginnings of the factory system that replaced
the
cottage
later
to
system
the
in
the
manufacture
cotton
of
industry
woolens,
was
lace,
and
extended
knitted
hosiery.(Industrial Revolution, 2010)
The
textile
factories
employed
mostly
women
and
children, who could easily handle the machines and would
work
for
very
low
pay.
There
were
no
laws
controlling
wages, hours, or working conditions. The working day might
be 16 hours long. Orphans and children of the poor were
often apprenticed to the textile manufacturers, and were
sometimes
drafty
chained
and
to
their
insanitary.
When
machines.
workers
The
factories
became
ill
or
were
were
injured by a machine, they received no pay. Their earnings
barely kept them alive. (Industrial Revolution, 2010)
Though the industrial revolution opened the way for
the production of the means of life without the consumption
of all human energy and stunned by sudden changes in the
6
methods of working and living, was unable to organize life
so
that
all
might
share
in
the
benefits
of
the
new
inventions. (Beard, 1969)
The industrial revolution with
its
its
factory
intercourse
system,
wrought
and
wonderful
increase
changes
facilities
in
the
for
social
organism. (Beard, 1969)
The
change
took
place
in
the
textile
industry
was
massive. The textile industry produces an industry that no
one was going to expect.
A larger amount of textile was
produce in less time at a reduce cost.
When you think of
it even though that was more time for the country on the
other hand the factories needed plenty of more workers in
order to increase productivity and profit.
Between 1730 and 1760 there were 54 patents listed for
textile inventions in Britain. In 1760 there was a shortage
of hands that would cause an inflation in costs, and that
would
have
the
competitive
position
manufactures
British
weakened
and
inventions
to
productivity.
period
of
1730
The
and
of
enhance
many
labor
geographical distribution between the
1760 in Lancashire, England where a
majority of the textile industry resides was about 14.9
percent.
Before
7
the
Industrial
Revolution
there
was
a
change in the textile industry with a matter of item for
consumption separation.
What
was
revolution?
the
economic
growth
before
the
industrial
In the 1700s the area of high density was
south of a line drawn from Bristol to East Anglia, an area
which
contained
(Addy, 1976)
about
three
fifths
of
the
population.
The North region was thinly populated have a
range of eighty to one hundred and ten person to the square
mile. (Addy, 1976)
were
some
this had indicated to me that there
migration
going on in this period during the
industrial revolution.
Before the British industrial revolution the town of
Lancashire
population
was
166,20
and
by
the
1760
the
population ad increase to 297,400, which is a difference of
131,200
that
is
seventy
eight
percent
of
people
who
migrated to this area because of the textile industry which
had brought jobs.
The great increase in Lancashire was
because this town seats the cotton and wool manufactures.
I had also do research on the economic growth during the
textile industry throughout the whole United Kingdom and in
1730 the population was 6,182,972 and in 1760 there was an
increase bringing the population to 6,720,547, which is a
8
difference of 537,575 so there again it shows the textile
industry made a difference throughout the whole country.
By 1760 the pattern was changing and the population
was
expanding
Lancashire
rapidly,
the
(Addy, 1976)
West
especially
Riding,
Durham
in
and
the
midlands,
Northumberland.
The increase in population led to migration
to new areas. (Addy, 1976)
There seems to be doubt that
the factory system the saw creations of those conurbations
which have not even now ceased to grow, which continue to
spread over the countryside. (Addy, 1976)
England
large
population
and
assets
brings
a
large
amount of people with knowledge and skill among economic
factors
that
possible.
was
can
help
make
the
industrial
revolution
The population of in England doubled and that
because
factories.
of
large
This
supply
situation
and
cheap
also
labor
provided
needed
and
by
enormous
increase in demand for manufacturing.
Another
thing
that
was
rather
interest
was
in
the
early part of the 1730s the woolen exports was two million
pounds but during the 1760s the woolen exports increased
to
four
fourth.
million
pounds,
which
was
between
a
third
or
The distribution of the manufacture was always the
same and this textile industry in England had existed from
9
the early date.
is
more
Economic
to
The industrial revolution shows that there
demand
growth
rather
says
that
than
the
population
income
makes
and
price.
things
more
willing and maybe certain part able to use products of an
industrialist industry.
The
textile
industry
was
a
domestic
textile
system
which had converted into a factory system which made the
system much better.
The textile system of processing use
to be by hand and this kind of separated civilization from
ancient way of life.
people
worked
from
Before the industrial revolution some
home
dedicating
their
life
to
the
textile manufacturing by weaving and spinning.
The
textile
industry
brought
new
inventions
changes people, towns and countries situation.
that
Workers had
a place to work and didnt have to spend it in the home
because manufacturing became faster.
The textile industry
provided a strong base for the economy and at the same time
the workers had to work for little or nothing.
Industrialization
of the textile industry brought
a
lot to countries such as great advantages for communities
and families.
The industrial revolution was the driving
force of the textile industry and it brought progress.
The
new invention within the textile industry was the base for
10
the development for the textile manufacturing and this lead
to the industry to the level that it functions on now.
The textile industry has change the face of many towns
in Britain and it gives a rise to urban centers requiring
enormous
municipal
services.
This
situation
created
a
specific and mutually supporting economic way of life and
this made more urban workers to depend on the employer.
The
economic
theories
reflected
more
on
change
and
the
textile industries provided the economic foundation for an
increase in growth, population and development of living
standard which had remain a main goal.
The United Kingdom has always been the most important
center of technical inventions and had a lot of people with
knowledge to mechanize an industry.
Also England is known
to have business industrialist who organize the domestic
system.
Textile industry brought a boost to technology
because if it wasnt for new technology there wouldnt be a
boom in the formation of more textile industries.
The United Kingdom was the ideal place for the textile
industry because it was on the water so I guess it was
perfect for trade.
Britain had a lot of thing going for
them because the country had lots of resources and a large
population.
11
This
population had led to more ideas and
workers to help during the industrial revolution for the
textile industry.
There is no doubt that the textile industry inventions
and technology was the key to the industrial revolution.
The
industrial
textile
revolution
industries
changed
made,
price
the
ways
and
of
change
how
the
working
surroundings.
Between the 1730 and 1760 Britain had new technologies
at
a
shocking
rate.
In
the
histories
of
nations,
innovations in technology have sometimes occurred at such a
rapid
pace
that
the
era
became
known
as
an
industrial
revolution. (Johnson, 2001) Developments there moved the
country
from
livelihood
a
largely
almost
rural
entirely
population
from
that
agriculture
to
made
a
its
town-
centered society that was increasingly engaged in factory
manufacture. (Johnson, 2001)
What
has
recently
been
recognized
is
that
the
industrial revolution was limited to a revolutionary change
in certain sectors, specifically the textile industries.
(Persson, 2010)
rather
than
the
All this seems to stress the continuity
revolutionary
changes. (Persson, 2010)
impact
of
the
economic
Indeed growth accounting has
revised growth figures considerably. (Persson, 2010)
12
The
results of recent revisions actually stress that there was
not much difference between pre-industrial growth and in
the early phase of the industrial revolution(Persson, 2010)
The
major
revisions concern the alleged industrial
breakthrough period where per captia growth rates have been
about one third of the previous estimates. (Persson, 2010)
In fact the output growth per head is only slightly higher
than in the pre-industrial period. (Persson, 2010)
The
total factory productivity growth is a par with the numbers
found
in
medieval
and
reported. (Persson, 2010)
early
modern
agriculture
as
The main reasons why the new
results differ from the old are that previous estimates
gave too much weight to the new and fast growing industries
in aggregate industrial output, compared to old industries
that the size of the industrial sector in the total economy
was exaggerated.(Persson, 2010)
In Conclusion, Britain has had many inventions through
the first industrial revolution but the one that stood out
the most. The industrial revolution was a major turning
point for the United Kingdom because it marked the human
history
for
transport,
mining.
the
British.
agriculture,
The
13
industrial
It
brought
manufacturing,
revolution
kind
many
changes
in
technology
and
of
the
stopped
manual
labor
towards
machine
manufacturing
and
the
development of iron making tools and raise the use of the
textile industry.
In the industrial revolution coal was needed in large
quantities, because the British needed an inexpensive way
to acquire fuel.
industrial
As Britain being the birthplace of the
revolution
the
development of creations.
1760
United
Kingdoms
wealthy
invested
in
new
Between the years of 1730 to
population
soared
three
times
the
usual population and that was because people started to
move into Britain because of the new inventions so they
could find work and a better way of life.
In my opinion I
think that the industrial revolution brought great things
to Britain because now the people had jobs and a start of
new technologies to come.
14
Work Cited
1. Addy,
J.
(1976).
The
Textile
Revolution.
London:
Longman Group Ltd.
"The evolution of the mill and the factory system
brought great changes to the structure of village and
town. as always at a time of industrial change there
are people who suffer, so some attention has been
given to wages prices and the impact of external
affairs."
2. Allen,
R.
C.
(2009).
The
Bristish
Industrial
Revolution in Global Perspective. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
"New approaches to economic and social history are an
important new textbook series published in association
with the economic history society.
It provides
concise but authoritative surveys of major themes and
issues in world economic and social history from the
post-Roman recovery to the present day. Books in the
series are by recognized authorities operating at the
cutting edge of their field with an ability to write
clearly and succinctly.
3. Beard, C. (1969). The Industrial Revolution. westport:
Greenwood Press, Publishers.
"The industrial revolution
has bought about during
the past one hundred and fifty years by discoveries
and inventions which have altered fundamentally all
the
methods of production and distribution of the
means of life and consequently revolutionized all the
economic functions of society
15
4. Hackett,
L.
(1992).
Europe
Transformed.
From
http://history-world.org/Industrial%20Intro.htm.
"The International World History Project, founded and
run by current and former university professors from
around the globe and under the direction of Doctor
Robert A. Guisepi, historian and author, is a
collection of history related essays, maps, historical
documents, educational videos, speeches and music.
Some material has been written by our staff while
others are either in the public domain or re-printed
by permission."
5. Industrial
Revolution.
(2010).
From
http://howstuffworks.com:
http://history.howstuffworks.com/europeanhistory/industrial-revolution.htm
"HowStuffWorks, a wholly owned subsidiary of Discovery
Communications,
is
the
award-winning
source
of
credible,
unbiased,
and
easy-to-understand
explanations of how the world actually works. Founded
by North Carolina State University Professor Marshall
Brain in 1998, the site is now an online resource for
millions of people of all ages."
6. Johnson,
A.
L.
(2001).
42explore2.
From
http://www.42explore2.com:
http://www.42explore2.com/industrial.htm
"When you're learning about something new, it's nice
to have more than one resource to explore. This web
project provides "four to explore" for each topic. On
each page you'll find information, definitions, links,
and other resources. Click a topic to start exploring!
On this page, the topics are arranged by the date they
were introduced."
16
7. Persson, K. G. (2010). An Economic History of Europe.
cambridge, NY: cambridge university press.
"This concise and accessible introduction to European
economic history focuses on the interplay between the
development of institutions and the generation an
diffusion of knowledge-based technologies. The author
challenges the view that European economic history
before the Industrial Revolution was constrained by
population growth outstripping available resources.
He argues instead that the limiting factor was the
knowledge needed for technological progress, but also
that Europe was unique in developing a scientific
culture and institutions, which were the basis for the
unprecedented
technological progress and economic
growth of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."
17