1315, SPCH Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
KEY TERMS Chapter 6 15
Chapter 6
1. Audience analysis: the process of gathering and analyzing demographic and psychological
information about audience members with the explicit aim of adapting your message to the
information you uncover.
2. Audience-centered approach: an approach to speech preparation in which in each phase of
the speech preparation process-from selection and treatment of the speech topic to making
decisions about organization, language and method of delivery is geared toward
communicating a meaningful message to the audience.
3. Pandering: to identify with values that are not your own in order to win approval from an
audience.
4. Attitudes: a predisposition to respond to people, idea, objects, or events in evaluative ways.
5. Beliefs: the ways in which people perceive reality or determine the very existence or
validity of something.
6. values: our most enduring judgments or standards of whats important to us
7. Perspective-taking: the identification of audience members attitudes, values, beliefs, needs,
and wants and the integration of this information into the speech context.
8. Identification: a feeling of commonality with another, when appropriate, effective speakers
attempt to foster a sense of identification between themselves and audience members.
9. Captive audience: an audience in attendance not because they necessarily freely choose to
listen to a speech but because they must.
10. Demographics: statistical characteristics of a given population. Characteristics typically
considered in the analysis of audience members include age, gender ethnic or cultural
background, socioeconomic status and religious and political affiliation.
11. Target audience: those individuals within the broader audience who are most likely to be
influenced in the direction the speaker seeks.
12. Generational identity: the collective cultural identity of a generation or a cohort.
13. Co-culture: a community of people whose perceptions and beliefs differ significantly from
those of other groups within the larger culture.
14. Individualistic cultures: a culture that tends to emphasize personal identity and the needs of
the individual rather than those of the group, upholding such values as individual
achievement and decision making.
15. Collectivist cultures: a culture that tends to emphasize the needs and desires of larger group
rather than those of the individual.
16. Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguity.
1
SPCH 1315, Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
17. High-uncertainty avoidance cultures: one of five value dimensions, or major cultural
patterns, that are significant across all cultures to varying degrees, identified by Geert
Hoftede.
18. Low-uncertainty avoidance cultures: one of five value dimensions or major cultural
patterns that are significant across all cultures to varying degrees, identified by Geert
Hofstede.
19. Power distance: as developed by Geert Hofstede, a measure of the extent to which a culture
values social equality versus tradition and authority.
20. Ethnocentrism: the belief that the ways of ones own culture are superior to those of other
cultures. Ethnocentric speakers act as though everyone shares their point of view and points
of reference, whether or not this is in fact the case.
21. Gender: our social and psychological sense of ourselves as males or females.
22. Gender stereotypes: oversimplified and often severely distorted ideas about the innate
nature of men or women.
23. Sexist language: language that oversimplifies or distorts ideas about the innate nature of
what it means to be male or female. For example the generic use of the pronoun he or she.
24. Interview: a type of face-to-face communication conducted for the purpose of gathering
information. Interviews can be conducted one-on-one or in a group.
25. Questionnaire: a written survey designed to gather information from a large pool of
respondents. Questionnaires consist of a mix of open-and closed-ended questions designed
to elicit information.
26. Closed-ended question: a question designed to elicit a small range of specific answers
supplied by the interviewer.
27. fixed alternative question: a closed-ended question that contains a limited choice of
answers, such as yes or no or sometimes
28. Scale question: a closed-ended question that measures the respondents level of agreement
or disagreement with specific issues.
29. Open-ended question: a question designed to allow respondents to elaborate as much as
possible. Open-ended questions are particularly useful for probing beliefs and opinions.
They elicit more individual or personal information about audience members thoughts and
feelings.
2
SPCH 1315, Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
Chapter 7
1. Rhetorical situation: Consideration of the audience, occasion, and overall speech situation
when planning a speech.
2. General speech purpose: A declarative statement that answers the question why am I
speaking on this topic for this particular audience and occasion? Usually the general speech
goal is to inform, to persuade, or to mark a special occasion. See also specific purpose.
3. Informative speech: Public speaking that intended to increase an audience understands and
awareness by imparting knowledge. Informative speeches provide an audience with new
information, new insights, or new ways pf thinking about a topic.
4. Persuasive speech: A speech whose general purpose is to affect some degree of change in
the audiences beliefs, attitudes, values, or behavior.
5. Special occasion speech: A speech whose general purpose is to entertain, celebrate,
commemorate, inspire, or set a social agenda.
6. Brainstorming: A problem-solving technique, useful for developing speech topics, that
involves the spontaneous generation of ideas. Among other techniques, you can brainstorm
by making lists, using word association, and mapping a topic.
7. Word association: A brainstorming technique in which you write down ideas as they occur
to you, beginning with a single word, in order to generate and narrow speech topics.
8. Topic map: A brainstorming technique in which you lay out the words in diagram form to
show categorical relationships among them; it is useful for selecting and narrowing a speech
topic.
9. Specific speech purpose: A refined statement of purpose that zeroes in more closely than the
general purpose on the goal of the speech. See also general speech purpose.
10. Thesis statement: The theme, or central idea, of a speech that serves to connect all the parts
of the speech. The main points, the supporting material, and the conclusion all relate to the
thesis.
3
SPCH 1315, Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
Chapter 8
1. Supporting material: Information that clarifies, elaborates, and verifies the speakers
assertions.
2. Example: An illustration whose purpose is to aid understanding by making ideas, items, or
events more concrete and by clarifying and amplifying meaning.
3. Extended example: Multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described,
thereby getting the point across and reiterating it effectively.
4. Hypothetical example: An illustration of something that could happen in the future if certain
things occurred.
5. Narrative: A story; it can be based on personal experiences or imaginary incident.
6. Anecdote: A brief story of an interesting, humorous, or real-life incident that links back to
the speakers theme.
7. Testimony: Firsthand findings, eyewitness accounts, and opinions by people, both lay (no
expert) and expert.
8. Expert testimony: Any findings, eyewitness accounts, or opinions by professionals who are
trained to evaluate or report on a given topic, a form of supporting material.
9. Lay testimony: Testimony by a no expert, a form of supporting material.
10. Facts: Documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, places, and people
involved.
11. Statistics: Quantified evidence, data that measures the size or magnitude of something,
demonstrates trends, or shows relationships with the purpose of summarizing information,
demonstrating proof, and making points memorable.
12. Frequency: A count of the number of times something occurs or appears.
13. Percentage: The quantified portion of a whole, or 100 percent.
14. Average: A summary of a set of data according to its typical or average characteristics may
refer to the mean, median, or mode.
15. Mean: The sum of the scores divided by the number of scores, the arithmetic average.
16. Median: A type of average that represents the center-most score in a distribution, the point
above and below which 50 percent of the scores fall.
17. Mode: A type of average that represents the most frequently occurring score in a
distribution.
18. Cherry-picking: To selectively present only those facts and statistics that buttresses your
point of view while ignoring competing data.
4
SPCH 1315, Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
Chapter 9
1. Invention: The classical term for the process of selecting information to illustrate or prove
speech points.
2. Primary research: Original or firsthand research, such as interviews as surveys conducted
by the speaker. See also secondary research.
3. Secondary research: The vast world of information gathered by others can include
published facts and statistics, texts, documents, and any other information not originally
collected and generated by the researcher. See also primary research.
4. Database: A searchable place, or base, in which information is stored and from which it
can be retrieved.
5. Full-text database: A database in which at least some of the records contain the full text of
articles.
6. Reference librarian: A librarian trained to help library users locate information resources.
7. Library of Congress call number: An identifying number that allows the user to retrieve
books and other works that have been classified according to the library of Congress
classification system.
8. Dewey decimal number: An identifying number that allows the user to retrieve books and
other works that have been classified according to the Dewey decimal system.
9. Periodical: A regularly published magazine or journal.
10. U.S Government Printing Office (GPO): Responsible for publishing and distributing all
information collected and produced by federal agencies, from the census bureau to the
department of education and the environmental protection agency. GPO publications also
include all congressional reports and hearings.
11. Encyclopedia: A reference work that summarizes knowledge found in original form
elsewhere and provides an overview of subjects.
12. General encyclopedia: A reference work that attempts to cover all important subject areas of
knowledge.
13. Specialized encyclopedia: A reference work that delves deeply into one subject area, such as
religion, science, art, sports, or engineering.
14. Almanac: A reference work that contains facts and statistics in many categories, including
those that are related to historical, social, political, and religious subjects.
15. Fact book: A reference that work includes key information on a given topic.
16. Atlas: A collection of maps, text, and accompany charts and tables.
17. Interview: A type of face to face communication conducted for the purpose of gathering
information. Interviews can be conducted one on one or in a group.
18. Neutral questions: A question that doesnt lead the interviewee to a desired response.
19. Active listening: A multistep, focused, and purposeful process of gathering and evaluating
information.
20. Fabrication: The making up of information, such as falsifying data or experiments or
claiming a source where none exists.
5
SPCH 1315, Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
Chapter 10
1. World Wide Web: The most frequently used portion of the Internet, the Web is a graphicsrich environment of electronic pages or documents that contain text, graphics, sound, video,
and _its most distinguishing feature-hyperlink, see also hyperlinks.
2. Hyperlinks: Connections that link individual pieces of information or entire Web sites to
other pieces of information or sites.
3. Library gateway: An entry point into a large collection of research and reference
information that has been selected and reviewed by librarians.
4. Domain: The suffix at the end of a Web address that tells you the nature of the Web site:
educational (.edu), government (.gov), military (.mil), nonprofit organization (.org),
business/commercial (.com), or network (.net). A tilde in the address usually indicates that it
is a personal page rather than part of an institutional Website. Understanding the domain can
help you assess the credibility of a site.
5. Tilde: A symbol that appears in the domain of a Web address; it usually indicates a personal
page rather than an institutional Web site.
6. Information: Data set in a context for relevance.
7. Propaganda: In formation represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response.
8. Misinformation: Information that is false.
9. Disinformation: The deliberate falsification of information.
10. Search engine: Using powerful software programs, a search engine scans millions of Web
documents that contain the keywords and phrases you command it to search. A program
then creates a huge index from the Web pages that have been read, compares it with your
search request, and returns matching results to you, usually in order of relevance.
11. Individual search engine: A search engine that compiles its own database of Web pages,
such as Google or Atla Vista. See also meta-search engine.
12. Meta-search engine: A search engine that searches several search engines simultaneously.
Examples include MetaCrawler and Dogpile.
13. Specialized search engine: A search engine that searches for information only on specific
topic.
14. Subject directory: A searchable database of Web sites organized by categories.
15. Paid placement: The practice of paying a fee to a search engine company for inclusion in its
search results and a guaranteed higher ranking within those results.
16. Paid inclusion: The practice of paying a fee to a search engine company for inclusion in its
index of possible results, without a guarantee of ranking.
17. Gateway (information portal): A human directory that contains at least one hundred sites
that have been reviewed by an expert.
18. Virtual library: A collection of library holdings available online.
19. Invisible Web: The portion of the Web that includes pass protected sites, documents behind
firewalls, and the contents of proprietary databases.
6
SPCH 1315, Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
20. Boolean operators: Words places between the keywords in an Internet search that specify
how the key words are related, examples include AND, OR, and NOT.
21. Field searching: (often called advanced search) A search tool in most Internet search
engines that targets specific search parameters to narrow search results.
7
SPCH 1315, Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
Chapter 11
1. Arrangement: The strategic process of deciding how to order speech points into a coherent
and convincing pattern for your topic and audience; also refers to one of the five parts of the
classical cannons of rhetoric.
2. Outlining: The physical process of plotting speech points on the page in hierarchical order
of importance.
3. Introduction: The first part of a speech in which the speaker establishes the speech purpose
and its relevance to the audience and previews the topic and the main points.
4. Body: The part of the speech in which the speaker develops the main points intended to
fulfill the speech purpose.
5. Conclusion: The part of the speech in which the speaker reiterates the speech purpose,
summarizes main points, and leaves the audience with something to think about or act upon.
6. Main points: The key ideas or primary points intended to fulfill the speech purpose. Their
function is to make claims in support of the thesis. See also subordinate point.
7. Parallel form: The statement of equivalent speech points in similar grammatical form and
style.
8. Supporting points: Information that clarifies, elaborates, and verifies the speakers
assertions.
9. Indentation: In an outline, the plotting pf speech points to indicate their weight relative to
one another; subordinate points are placed underneath and to the right of higher-order
points.
10. Roman numeral outline: An outline format in which main points are enumerated with
roman numerals (I,II,III ), supporting points with capital letters ( A, B,C), third level points
with Arabic numerals (1,2,3), and fourth level points with lowercase letters (a,b,c).
11. Unity: The quality of a speech in which only those points that are implied by the purpose
and thesis statements are included. Nothing is extraneous or tangential. Each main point
supports the thesis, and each supporting point provides evidence for the main points.
12. Coherence: Clarity and logical consistency within a speech or an argument.
13. Coordination and subordination: The logical placement of ideas relative to their
importance to one another. Ideas that are coordinate are given equal weight. An idea that is
subordinate to another is given relatively less weight.
14. Balance: A principle that suggests that appropriate emphasis or weight be given to each
part of the speech relative to the other parts and to the theme.
15. Transitions: Words, phrases, or sentences that tie speech ideas together and enable a speaker
to move smoothly from one point to the next.
16. Full-sentence transitions: A signal to listeners, in the form of a declarative sentence that the
speaker is turning to another topic.
17. Signposts: Conjunctions or phrases (such as next, first, second, and so forth) that
indicate transitions between supporting points.
8
SPCH 1315, Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
18. Restate-forecast form: A type of transition in which the speaker restates the point just
covered and previews the point to be covered next.
19. Rhetorical questions: A question that does not invite an actual response but is used to make
the audience think.
20. Preview statement: A statement included in the introduction of a speech in which the
speaker identifies the main speech points that will be covered in the body of the speech.
21. Internal preview: An extended transition used within the body of a speech that alerts
audience members to ensuing speech content.
22. Internal summary: An extend transition that draws together important ideas before
proceeding to another speech point.
9
SPCH 1315, Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
Chapter 12
1. Topical pattern of arrangement: A pattern of organizing main points as subtopics or
categories of the speech topic; of all organizational patterns, this one offers the most
freedom to structure speech points as desired.
2. Chronological pattern of arrangement: A pattern of organizing speech points in a natural
sequential order; it is used when describing a series of events in time or when the topic
develops in line with a set pattern of actions or tasks.
3. Spatial pattern of arrangement: A pattern of organizing main points in order of their
physical proximity or direction relative to each other; it is used when the purpose of a
speech is to describe or explain the physical arrangement of a place, a scene, or an object.
4. Casual (cause-effect) Pattern of arrangement: A pattern of organizing speech points in
order, first of causes and then of effects or vice versa; it is used when the cause-effect
relationship is well established.
5. Problem-solution Pattern of arrangement: A pattern of organizing speech points so that
they demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem first, and then provide
justification for a proposed solution.
6. Narrative pattern of arrangement: A pattern of organizing speech points so that the speech
unfolds as a story, with characters, plot, setting, and vivid imagery. In practice, this pattern
often is combined with other organizational patterns.
7. Circular pattern of arrangement: A pattern of organizing speech points so that one idea
leads to another, which leads to a third and so forth until the speaker arrives back at the
speech thesis.
10
SPCH 1315, Fall semester
Professor Tonia R Pope
Khoa Phan
Chapter 13
1. Working outline: A preparation or rough outline that refines and finalizes the specific
speech purpose, firms up and organizes main points, and develops supporting material.
2. Speaking outline: A delivery outline to be used when practicing and actually presenting a
speech.
3. Sentence outline: An outline in which each main and supporting point is stated in sentence
form and in precisely the way the speaker wants to express the idea. Generally, sentence
outlines are used for working outlines. See also key-word outline and phrase outline.
4. Phrase outline: A delivery outline that uses a partial construction of the sentence form of
each point instead of using
5. Key-word outline: The briefest of the three forms of outlines, the key-word outline uses the
smallest possible units of understanding associated with a specific point to outline the main
and supporting points.
6. Delivery cues: Brief remainder notes or prompts placed in the speaking outline; can refer to
transitions, timing, speaking rate and volume, presentation aids, quotations, statistics, and
difficult to pronounce or remember names or words.
Chapter 14
1. Anecdote: A brief story of an interesting, humorous, or real life incident that links back to
the speakers theme.
2. Rhetorical questions: A question that does not invite an actual response but is used to make
the audience think.
3. Previewing: A statement included in the introduction of a speech in which the speaker
identifies the main speech points that will be covered in the body of the speech.
4. Ethical appeal: An attempt to persuade audience members by appealing to speaker
credibility.
Chapter 15
1. Call to action: A challenge to audience members to act in response to speech, see the
problem in a new way, change their beliefs about the problem, or change both their actions
and their beliefs with respect to the problem; placed at the conclusion of a speech.
11