globalization The of
the Spice Trade
! Prince Henry the
Navigator b. 1394.
Establishes
navigational school
in Portugal.
! Convinced that
India could be
reached by sailing
along coast of
Africa
!
And the rest is
History
A worthy footnote:
1500s Portuguese &
Spanish Trade Routes
! 1492 Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
thinks Portugal errs in sailing East, and
looks for a western route.
! Discovers Capsicums (red chili pepper) and
Pimenta dioica (allspice) vanilla, cocoa bean
! In his journal he writes:
That I have no knowledge of the products
causes me the greatest sorrow in the world,
for I see a thousand kinds of trees, each one
with its own special trait, as well as a
thousand kinds of herbs with their flowers;
yet I know none of them, but I am well assured
they are valuable.
1
Chili Pepper &
Columbus
Pungent chemicals
O
O
s second journey, He brought
Chile pepper s to Europe.
N
On Columbus
O
Within 50 years they had been introduced to
piperine
(pepper)
most of the known world.
O
O
HO
N
H
capsaicin
(chili)
relative
pungency
1
150-300
Scoville Organoleptic Test!
In Scoville's method, an alcohol extract of
the capsaicin oil from a measured amount
of dried pepper is added incrementally to a
solution of sugar in water until the "heat" is
just detectable by a panel of (usually ve)
tasters; the degree of dilution gives its
measure on the Scoville scale. !
2
The Hottest!!!
Bhut Jolokia!
Nutmeg & Cloves
Scoville scale!
!
Scoville rating
!
!
15,000,00016,000,000
8,600,0009,100,000
5,000,0005,300,000
855,0001,075,000 !
876,000970,000 !
350,000580,000 !
100,000350,000 !
50,000100,000 !
30,00050,000
!
10,00023,000
!
2,5008,000
!
5002,500
!
100500 !
!
0
!
!
!Type of pepper!
!Pure capsaicin!
!Various capsaicinoids !
!Law Enforcement Grade pepper spray!
!Bhut Jolokia!
!Dorset Naga!
!Red Savina habanero!
!Guntur Chilli, Habanero chili!
!Bird's eye chili/Thai Pepper/Indian Pepper!
!Cayenne Pepper, Aj pepper, Tabasco pepper!
!Serrano Pepper, Chichen Itza!
!Jalapeo Pepper, Guajillo pepper,!
!Anaheim pepper, !
!Pimento, Peperoncini!
!No signicant heat, Bell pepper!
Europe Competition
! Francis Drake Circumnavigates
globe
! Discovers San Francisco in 1579
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
by England is the beginning of
the end for Spanish and
Portuguese influence.
! England and the Dutch then
dominate the Age of Exploration.
! Two great spice trading companies
emerge:
Dutch East India Company:
monopoly in the spice islands
(now Indonesia).
English East India Company
1600-1874
3
Manhattan Island
$24
USA role in spices
Flavors &
Beverages
Use of aromas in
the production
of foods
Beverages 46%
Candy
14%
Snacks
14%
Breads
7%
Milk Prod.
6%
Desserts
5%
Ice Cream
4%
4
Aromas for Foods
! More than 50% of aromas used in Flavoring
Foods are from plant materials
OH
OH
! Aromas which are very volatile are often
separated from plant materials with Steam and
are called Essential Oils
OH
O
! Aromas which are extracted from foods with
solvents (vinegar, alcohol or oil) are called
Extracts
! Aromas can also be
Synthetic . The
Vanillin in Vanilla extract may be either
natural or synthetic.
Spices
! A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root,bark or vegetative
substance used for the purpose of avoring, and
O
OH
Vanillin
(vanilla)
eugenol
(clove)
Cinnamaldehyde
(cinnamon)
The Spices
(temperate-climates)
! The carrot family (seeds)
anise, caraway, celery seed, cumin, dill seed
indirectly for the purpose of killing and preventing growth
of pathogenic bacteria
! the cabbage family
mustards, horseradish, wasabi
!
! Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are leafy,
! The bean family
chillis, licorice
green plant parts used for avoring purposes.!
! Others
hops, saffron
5
Spices (tropical)
Allspice
vanilla
Annatto
Herbs
! Mint family
ginger
basil, lavender, mints, oregano, rosemary,
thyme
! Carrot Family
cinnamon
sichuan pepper
cloves
star anise
turmeri
celery, dill fennel parsley
! Laurel family
avocado leaf, bay laurel, california bay,
sassafras
! Others
Lemongrass, Tarragon, wintergreen
Psychoactive molecules
from Plants
Morphine
& opium
Opium ~ 10% morphine & 23 other alkaloids
Morphine
Nicotine
Caffeine
Cultivation of opium poppies for food,
anesthesia, and Ritual purposes dates back to
at least the Neolithic Age (new stone age).
History of human use over 5,000 years ago in
the Euphrates River delta
Cocaine
Until several hundred of years ago, it was a
medical herb, either drunk as a bitter infusion
or swallowed as a rolled pellet.
6
Nicotine
Caffeine
An alkaloid
Columbus brought tobacco and the practice of smoking
back to Europe at the end of his 2nd voyage.
Smoking (drinking smoke) spread rapidly throughout
the old world.
In China (~1650), the last Ming emperor outlawed the
smoking of tobacco.
The effect of alkaloids such as morphine and nicotine,
absorbed directly into the bloodstream through
smoking was rapid and intense.
Caffeine &
Beverages:
Tea: a representative herb
! The first cup of
tea was an accident
! According to
! Tea
! Coffee
! soft drinks
Chinese mythology,
in 2737 BC the
Chinese Emperor,
Shen Nung,
herbalist, was
suffered from
some poisonous
grasses when the
wind blew a few
tea leaves before
him.
7
History of tea consumption
Opium Wars
! 500B.C., Monks drank tea when they sat in
meditation.
! 700A.D., Tang Dynasty, tea came available
to the common people.
! 1000A.D., Song dynasty, delicate tea
ceremony formed
The First Opium War or the First AngloChinese War was fought between the
British East India Company and the Qing
Dynasty in China from 1839 to 1842 with the
aim of forcing China to import British opium.!
! 1300A.D., Yuan Dynasty, tea ceremony
back to simple and natural.
! 1650A.D., Qing Dynasty, complicated and
delicate tea ceremony reformed.
The Boston Tea Party
whose tea was it?
Tea in China: Different types of tea
Black tea
fermented
Oolong tea
semi-fermented
Green tea
not fermented
Fermentation of tea is more accurately
described as oxidation which is caused by
enzymes, since the process involves
oxidation of phenolic compounds and not
fermentation by microorganisms
The East India Company
8
Green tea:
! Tea is a drink made by infusing leaves of the tea plant
Camellia sinensis in hot water
! Best quality tea is made from the bud and first two
! Green tea has the longest
history and still ranks first
in output and variety
today. Unfermented,
! Keeps most of the
antioxidants like catechin
leaves of the growing shoot
! Strictly speaking, the term tea does not include herbal
infusions such as chamomile and mint
Preparation of green tea
! People like its freshness
and natural fragrance.
! Green leaf, clear water
Black tea (red tea):
! Fermented
Denaturing
the Enzymes!
! Strong fragrances are developed during
fermentation
! Green leaf turned to black (red) after
fermentation
! 90% lost of antioxidants during processing.
Long Jing tea
Bi Luo Chun tea
9
Wulong or Oolong tea:
! Semi-fermented
! Possesses the freshness of green tea and the
fragrance of black tea
! Has more antioxidant content than black tea
Summer Aboard FST10 - 2011
(2012?)
Compounds in Tea
! Tea leaves contain more caffeine than coffee, but tea
generally contains less per cup
! Flavor
Caffeine (bitter)
Tannins (astringent like red wine)
Natural organic acids
Aroma compounds (>300 in black tea, many are
products of fermentation)
Brewing Tea
Higher
temperature
for more
oxidized teas
Type
Temperature Time
Infusions
Green
170 F
1-2 min
4-6
Oolong 180 F
2-3 min
4-6
Black
2-3 min
2-3
210 F
10
Flower tea:
Spirit in Chinese tea Ceremony
! flower with green tea, wulong tea or black tea, but
mostly green tea
! All kinds of flowers can be used, the most popular one
!
is jasmine.
:
moderation
!
!
: happy
!
Jasmine
: quite
: true
Rose
Tea Food:
Tea House
Old
Tea House
Modern
Nuts Dried & Fruits
Dessert
11
Coffee
The Myth
It is said that Kaldi, a
goat herder, discovered
coffee after noticing
that his goats, upon
eating berries from a
certain tree, became so
spirited that they did not
want to sleep at night.
History
! Coffee was first cultivated on the Arabian peninsula in
Coffee
! The first coffee plants are said to have
come from the Horn of Africa on the
shores of the Red Sea
! East African tribes would grind the coffee
cherries together, mixing the results into
a paste with animal fat
Coffee
Yemen, where coffee has been grown for at least
fourteen centuries.
! Yemen was known as Arabia; the word Mocha comes
from the ancient port of Al Mukah on the west coast of
the country of Yemen
! Mid -1600s - coffeehouses open in England, Italy and France
! 1668 - Edward Lloyd
s coffeehouse opens in London - later
becomes Lloyds of London insurance
! Thus the word arabica, designates the original and
! 1690 - the Dutch traders smuggled coffee seedlings from
! Coffee
! 1727 - Brazilian coffee industry gets started when Portuguese
best species of coffee
s popularity was perhaps due to the fact that
Muslims found coffee s properties to be an
acceptable substitute to alcohol
Yemen to Indonesia and East Indies (thus Mocha Java).
smuggle coffee from Indonesia
12
New world
In the mid-1600's, coffee was brought to New
Amsterdam, a location later called New York by the
British.
Tea continued to be the favored drink in the New World
until 1773 when the colonists revolted against a heavy
tax on tea imposed by King George.
This revolt, the Boston Tea Party, would forever
change the American drinking preference to coffee.
Coffee
! 1905 - 1st espresso machine made in Italy
! 1923 - Sanka, first decaffeinated coffee, marketed to
U.S.
! 1938 - Nescafe, first freeze-dried coffee, invented and
marketed to Switzerland
! 1995 - Coffee is the worlds most popular beverage:
more than 400 billion cups consumed each year
Coffee today
For North Americans, the world's largest consumers,
Seattle is the new spiritual home of coffee, birthplace of
Starbucks and many others.
The caf or 'Latte' culture which swept the USA and
has dramatically improved the general quality of the
coffee Americans drink.
13
Coffee plants
Roasting
! Coffee grows on large bushes or small trees that take
! During roasting, green beans are roasted at ~400F
3-5 years to produce fruit
! Will produce for up to 15 years
! Coffee bean is the seed of the fruit
! Fruit develops over 6-9 months
! Two types grown commercially
Coffee arabica
Coffee robusta
What is Caffeine?
Beans become light and porous due to steam
generated during heating. Characteristic flavor
compounds develop.
!
!
!
!
!
Flavor:
Caffeine (bitter)
Acids (sour and bitter)
Aroma compounds (>100)
Browned flavors from roasted carbohydrates
What is Caffeine?
! Alkaloids are produced by plants and are usually
derivatives of amino acids; many have a bitter taste.
! Naturally occurs in leaves, seeds, and nuts of >60
plant species
! Many alkaloids have pharmacological effects on on
humans and other animals.
! Caffeine: Sources: coffee, tea, cola nuts
! Theophylline: Sources: tea
! Theobromine: Sources: tea and cocoa beans (principle
! chemical defense system
! Food Additive
! Flavoring Agent
! Bitter taste
alkaloid)
14
Caffeine Sources
Caffeine Sources
! Coffee (Average = 100 mg / 8 oz.)
! Influencing factors: bean variety, how finely ground,
and brewing time
! Espresso = 100 mg / 1.5 oz.
! Tea (Average = 50 mg / 8 oz.)
! Influencing factors: type, tea leaf cut, and brewing time
! Average 8 oz. cup of tea = 1 mg theophylline
! Starbucks = 330 mg / 16 oz.
! Decaffeinated = 5 mg / 8 oz
Caffeine Sources
Caffeine Sources from other drinks
! Soda (Average = 40 mg / 12 oz.)
! <5% caffeine from kola nuts
! Diet Coke = 45 mg / 12 oz
! 95% added
! Red Bull = 80 mg / 8.3 oz
! Americans get more caffeine buzz from soda than any
! Jolt Cola = 220 mg / 23.5 oz
other source
! Coca-Cola products are consumed at a rate of more
! Fixx Energy Drink = 500 mg / 20 oz
than one billion drinks per day
15
Theobromine Toxicity
! Theobromine
! Highly toxic to dogs who don
t have the enzyme to
break it down
! Fatal dose = >200mg/kg
! Chocolate poisoning dogs eat out of garbage cans or
owners feed them candy
Joseph Priestley
! In 1767, the first drinkable
manmade glass of carbonated
water (soda water) was created by
an English clergyman and chemist,
Dr. Joseph Priestley.
! Priestley is credited with the
discovery of oxygen.
!
Joseph Priestley also discovered
hydrochlocric acid, nitrous oxide
(laughing gas), carbon monoxide,
and sulfur dioxide.
16
Coca Cola
Early Soda Fountain History
People would go to the local
drugstore and procure a
fountain drink to cure or aid
some physical malady.
Many of the fountain drinks were
concoctions or extracts of
various drugs that were flavored
and effervesced to make them
palatable.
Drugs like cocaine and caffeine
were maybe the most famous but
bromides and various plant
extracts were also commonly
dispensed.
Early Soda drinks
The combination of cocaine and caffeine
was used to effectively cure headaches.
The problem was that rebound headaches
would ensue and the patient would be
back frequently for another drink to
get rid of the pain.
Soft drinks
Prior to 1914 every drug
was basically over the
counter so no soda
fountain broke any law by
selling cocaine derived
drinks. That all changed
when the Harrison
Act became law in 1914.
The Harrison Act
banned the use of cocaine
and opiates in over-thecounter products.
17
!
1798 The term "soda water" first coined.
!
1810 First U.S. patent issued for the manufacture of imitation mineral waters.
!
1819 The "soda fountain" patented by Samuel Fahnestock.
!
1835 The first bottled soda water in the U.S.
!
1851 Ginger ale created in Ireland.
!
1874 The first ice-cream soda sold.
!
1876 Root beer mass produced for public sale.
!
1881 The first cola-flavored beverage introduced.
!
1885 Charles Aderton invented "Dr Pepper" in Waco, Texas.
!
1886 Dr. John S. Pemberton invented "Coca-Cola" in Atlanta, Georgia
!
1898 "Pepsi-Cola" is invented by Caleb Bradham in North Carolina.
!
Early 1920's The first automatic vending machines dispensed sodas into cups.
History of Coca-Cola
Formulated by Dr. J.S. Pemberton in 1888
Coca-Cola named for 2 ingredients
Can you tell me
what s in it?
extract of Coca leaves (cocaine)
extract of Kola nut (caffeine)
Coca-Cola: The Secret Formula
Coca-Cola
medicine for headaches, indigestion, and other ailments
John Pembertan s original hand written
Citrate Caffein !
Ext. Vanilla !
Flavoring!
!
F.E. Coco
!
Citric Acid
!
Lime Juice
!
Sugar !
!
Water !
!
Caramel color !
!1 oz.!
!1 oz.!
!2 1/2 oz. (the real secret)!
!4 oz. (Fluid Extract Cocaine)!
!3 oz.!
!1 Qt.!
!30 lbs.!
!2 1/2 Gal.!
!1.5 oz or more !
Recipe continues next slide
18
Coca-Cola: The Secret Formula
John Pembertan s original hand written
Coca-Cola:The Secret Formula
The 7X formula
Mix caffeine, acid and lime juice in 1 Qt boiling water!
Add vanilla and avoring when cool. !
Yes but what s in the avoring?!
It was called the secret 7X !
7X was the big guarded secret for so many years!
Dr. Pepper
The US Patent Ofce recognizes 1885 as the
rst time Dr Pepper was served. !
It was introduced nationally in the US in 1904
as a new kind of soda pop, made with 23
avors. !
Its introduction in 1885 preceded the
introduction of Coca-Cola by one year. It was
formulated by a pharmacist in Waco Texas. !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Oil Orange !
!80!
Oil Lemon !
!120!
Oil Nutmeg !
!40!
Oil Cinnamon
!40!
Oil Coriander
!
!20!
Oil Neroli !
!40!
Alcohol 1 Qt.!
Let stand 24 hours.!
A rich man can buy a better
wine or beer but not a better
Coke
A testament
to the power
of advertising
or
perhaps the
secret
formula
19