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History II Test 2
Course: ACCT 3551, Spring 2011School: UNC
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Chapter19StudyGuide 571603 Bastille 571,579580 AmericanRevolution 572575 ThomasJefferson 572,574 DeclarationofIndependence 574 ArticlesofConfederation 573 AmericanBillofRights 572575 FirstEstate 575,578 SecondEstate 575,578 ThirdEstate 575579 NationalAssembly 578580,583 TennisCourtOath 578579 DeclarationofRightsofManandtheCitizen 580581 DeclarationofRightsofWoman&Fem.Citizen...
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Chapter19StudyGuide
571603
Bastille
571,579580
AmericanRevolution
572575
ThomasJefferson
572,574
DeclarationofIndependence
574
ArticlesofConfederation
573
AmericanBillofRights
572575
FirstEstate
575,578
SecondEstate
575,578
ThirdEstate
575579
NationalAssembly
578580,583
TennisCourtOath
578579
DeclarationofRightsofManandtheCitizen
580581
DeclarationofRightsofWoman&Fem.Citizen 580582
GeorgesDanton
584585
Mountain
584585
Girondins
584585
CommitteeofPublicSafety
585588,591592
ReignofTerror
586588,591
MarieAntoinette
586
Robespierre
585,589,591,592
Dechristianization
590591
NationalConvention
584585,590592
Directory
592593
Napoleon
592600
Concordat
595
CivilCode
595
GrandEmpire
597,598m
Elba
600
Waterloo
600
DukeofWellington
600
Chapter19MiniLecture
Astheeighteenthcenturywascomingtoanend,theAmericanWarforIndependencefrom
Britainwasbeingfought.Thiswarfollowedseveralcrisesovertaxation.Itendedinvictoryforthe
colonistsandinspiredothercountriestowantfreedom.OneofthesewasFrance.Infact,the
Americanswontheirwarforindependencelargelybecauseoffinancialandmilitaryaidfrom
Europeanallies,especiallyFrance.FrenchsoldiershadfoughtintheUnitedStatesagainstthe
Britishandtheytookdemocraticideasbacktotheirowncountrywheresocietywasgroundedin
inequalityofrightsandagovernmentreluctanttomakereforms.Francewasalsoinfluencedby
thewritingsofthephilosophes.TheDeclarationofIndependence,adoptedbytheSecond
ContinentalCongressinAmerica,declaredthatthegovernmentreceivesitsrighttoleadfromthe
governedandthatcitizenshavearighttoalterorabolishagovernmentthattheydon'twant.This
documentborrowedheavilyfromtheideasofphilosophessuchasJohnLockeandwaswidely
readinEurope.
YettheimmediatecauseoftheFrenchRevolutionwasthecollapseofthegovernment'sfinances
becauseofitsfailuretoresolveitsdebtsandothereconomicproblems. Inadditiontoroyal
extravaganceandcostlywars,theFrenchsufferedfromaseriesofbadharvestsand
unemploymentcausedbyamanufacturingdepression.OnewayinwhichtheFrenchexpressed
theirfrustrationandangerwaswiththestormingoftheBastille,anarsenalofammunitionanda
prison.
TheEstatesGeneral,governingbodyinFrance,facedapopulardemandforaconstitution.The
ThirdEstate,inanefforttoachievethis,separateditselffromtheothertwoestatesbutwas
lockedoutofitsmeetingplace.Theyadjournedthemselvestomeetatatenniscourtwherethey
tookanoathknownastheTennisCourtOathandvowedtocontinuemeetinguntiltheyhada
constitution.
Eventually,thenewlyformedNationalAssemblycompletedanewconstitutionwithalimited
constitutionalmonarchy.Theyattemptedadministrativerestructuringwiththerighttovotebymen
25yearsofagewhopaidtaxesequaltothreedaysofwork.RepresentativestotheLegislature
wereelectedtoservetwoyears.
WiththefailureoftheFrenchgovernmenttomakereformsandanincreasingfinancialcrisis,
commonpeopleintervenedinurbanandruraluprisings.Oneearlyuprisingwasthestormingof
theBastillebyangrymobsthatwantedaccesstotheweaponsstoredinthisstateprison.Another
wastheWomen'sMarchtoVersailleswhereLouisXVIandhisfamilylivedinluxury. Armedwith
broomsticks,pitchforks,swordsandguns,theydemandedbreadfortheirstarvingchildren.The
womeninsistedthattheroyalfamilyreturntoPariswherethekingwasheldvirtualprisoner.
InSeptemberof1792,themonarchywasabolishedandFrancehadarepublicalthoughan
insecureone.TherevolutionbecamemoreradicalwithtwoimportantfactionstheMountain
andtheGirondins.Onepointofdifferencebetweenthesetwocenteredonwhattodowiththe
kingwhomtheyheldprisoner.TheMountainwonoutbypassingadecreethatthekingshouldbe
executedonJanuary21,1793.
CommonpeopleinParisbecamemoreradicalandtheMountainsandGirondinsdisagreedasto
thedirectionoftherevolutioninFrance.TheCommitteeofPublicSafety,establishedin1793,
initiatedaReignofTerror,inanefforttomaintaincontrolofthepopulation.Theguillotinewasa
quickandefficientwaytoseparateheadsfrombodies.Theofficialcountofpeopleexecutedwas
16,000butitwasprobablycloserto50,000.Readtheyellowboxesfoundonpages588and589
formoreinformationonthemethodsusedduringtheReignofTerror.
Theexecutionoftheking,LouisXVI,broughtaboutaninformalcoalitionofEuropeancountries
againstFranceandthenecessitytobuildupaFrencharmytofightforeignpowers.These
countriesfearedthattheideaofregicideandrevolutionwouldspreadandtheirmonarchsand
governmentswouldbeinmoredanger.WhenwarbrokeoutFrencharmiesin1792,French
armies,whichhadgrowntoanunprecedentedsize,failedandParisfacedapotentialthreatfrom
theAustriansandthePrussians.
EventuallyRobespierregainedcontroloftheCommitteeofPublicSafety.Hewantedtocentralize
theFrenchgovernment.HisviolencepushedtheCommitteeofPublicSafetybuthebecameless
violentastheReignofTerrorbecamemoreintense.Eventuallyhewasexecutedandthe
Directory,abodywithexecutivepoweraccordingtotheconstitution,gainedcontrolofthe
revolution.
FrenchwomenwereactiveintheperiodoftheRevolution.Theyhadafundtohelpimpoverished
familiesandfoundedasocietyofRevolutionaryRepublicanWomen.Theyobservedmeetingsof
theNationalAssemblybutthemenwhobelievedtheyshouldbeathomedidnotwelcometheir
services.
TheperiodofauthoritybytheDirectoryendedin1797withacoupdetachledbyasuccessfuland
powerfulgeneralnamedNapoleon.BorninCorsica,hebecameageneralattheageof25.
NapoleonexercisedpowerbymakingpeacewiththeCatholicChurch,establishinganewcodeof
lawsknownastheCivilCode,andbuildingapowerfulcentralizedgovernmentbureaucracy.His
CivilCodereaffirmedtheRevolution'sidealswhilecreatingauniformlegalsystem.
HisgoalsextendedbeyondFrancetotheformationofaGrandEmpire.Hewassuccessfulin
controllingmuchofWesternEuropewithhisContinentalSystem.Hetriedtodefeathisenemy
BritainbypreventingBritishtrade.Hisfallbeganin1812withhisunsuccessfulinvasionof
Russia.ThiswasfollowedbyawarofliberationfromNapoleoninmuchofEurope.Napoleon's
finaldefeatcamein1815atWaterlooinabattleagainstcombinedBritishandPrussianforces.
Hediedin1821inexileontheislandofSt.Helena.
Chapter20StudyGuide
604631
ReasonsGreatBritainhadthefirstsuccesses
IntheIndustrialRevolution
605607
RichardArkwright
606,607
DanielDefoe(DeFoe)
606607
MatthewBoulton
607
JamesWatt
607
JamesHargreaves
607
SamuelCrompton
607
EdmundCartwright
607
RichardTrevithick
608
GeorgeStephenson
608
Workingandlivingconditionsofthelaborforce 609611,623625
GreatExhibitionof1851
611613
EffectsofFrenchRevolutionandNapoleonic
WarsonEuropeanindustrialization
613
Tariffs
614615
Jointstockinvestmentbanks
615
IndustryinAmerica
615618
IndustrialMiddleClasses
622623
Luddites
628
Chartism
628
Nineteenthcenturyreformers
628629
Chapter20Minilecture
Duringthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturiesanindustrialrevolutiontransformedthe
economicandsocialstructureofEurope.Itrepresentedatransitionfromhandmadetomachine
madeproducts.Itbroughthigherlevelsofproductivity,asearchforrawmaterials,newmodesof
transportationandnewsystemsoflabor.
Britaintooktheleadaround1750andotherwesternnationsfollowed.Capitalinvestment,
entrepreneurswillingtotakethenecessaryrisks,aParliamentwhichwasfavorabletobusiness,
goodwaterways,bridges,roads,railroads,abundanceofcoal,marketsincoloniesaroundthe
worldandotheradvantagesmadeitpossibleforEnglandtoadvanceindustriallyaheadofother
nations.Further,Englandhadmachinessuchasthesteamengine,patentedbyJamesWatt.This
enginewasdependentonalotofcoalwhichEnglandhadmakingEngland'sindustrialsuccess
dependentoncoal.OtherEnglishmachineswerethespinningwheel,thepowerloom,theflying
shuttleandmorethatcouldbeappliedtothetextileindustry.The steamenginemadeBritain's
cottongoodsthecheapestandmostpopularintheworld.
In1851,Britain,astheworld'sfirstindustrialnationaswellastheworld'swealthiestnation,
organizedtheGreatExhibitiontodemonstrateBritainasthe"workshop,bankerandtraderofthe
world."HeldinLondon,itcontainedapproximately100,000exhibitsofindustriallyproduced
products.Withvisitorsfromallovertheworld,thiseventsymbolizedhumandominationover
natureandwasadisplayofGreatBritain'sindustrialwealthtotheworld.
Thesystemoflaborchangedfromthecottagesystemtothefactorysystem.Workinginfactories
requiredmajoradjustmentsfortheworkers.Theirdaysweretimecontrolledwithclose
supervisionbyfactoryownerswithwhomtheyhadnopersonalconnectionandoftenconsidered
unfriendly.Ratherthandependingonfarmsforfoodandexperiencingalifeathomewherethey
hadsomecontrolovertheirschedules,theyhadtoadjusttowageadaptivelivesinwhichthey
soldtheirlaborforawage.Inaddition,astheIndustrialRevolutionmovedforward,workers
workedindangeroussituationsforlonghoursandlivedincrowdedandunhealthycities.Itwas
CharlesDickenswhodescribedcoaltownsasaplace"wherethestrugglingvegetationsickened
andsankunderthehotbreathofkilnandfurnace".
Belgium,FranceandtheGermanstateswerefirsttobeindustrializedincontinentalEurope.
BritainattemptedtopreventthespreadoftechnicalknowledgetootherEuropeancountriesby
refusingtoallowmachinistsandotherswithindustrialknowledgetotravel.Yettheroleof
continentalgovernmentsinfinancingindustrialdevelopmentprovidedmomentumtokeepBritain
fromremainingtheworld'sgreatestindustrialnation.
Theneedforrailroadswassoonapparent.Somekindofvehiclesonrailshadbeenavailable
sincetheseventeenthcenturyforuseascartsintakingcoalandothermineralsoutofmines.
RichardTrevithickpresentedthefirststeampoweredlocomotivein1804.GeorgeStephensen
wasadeptatbuildingsuperiorengines.Forthecontinuedbuildingofrailroadshugecapital
investmentwasneeded.TheUnitedStatesCongresspassedthePacificRailroadActs,which
grantedloanstorailroadcompaniesandinadditiongavethesecompaniesland,whichtheycould
sellforprofitprovidingmoneytoinvestinthebuildingofrailroads.Thiswasthefirstlarge
governmentsubsidizationinAmericanhistory.Congresswasmotivated,amongotherthings,by
theneedtopopulatethewesternpartofthecontinentinordertoincreasethefoodsupplyand
gainaccesstorawmaterialsneededforindustry.
Canalswereneededbutrailroadscouldgooverlandwithouttheneedtoconnectwaterways.
TheErieCanalenhancedtradeandtransportationfromeasttowesttheGreatLakestothe
AtlanticOcean.OthercanalswerebuiltmakingtheEriethecenterofanetworkbywhichpeople
andproductscouldbetransportedfromtheplainstotheeastcoast.
By1860theUnitedStateswasmovingtowardleadershipinindustry.America'slaborforcewas
growingwithimmigrationfromEuropeandAsiaandpeoplecomingtocitiesfromruralareas.In
1800,Americahadbeenlargelyaruralnation.Deficiencyintransportationwasbeingremedied.
Also,theUnitedStateshadfoundwaystocopyEnglishmachines.Thebuildingofcanals
enhancedtheuseofthesteamboat,which,alongwithincreasingrailroadtrackmileage,was
crucialtoindustrialdevelopment.
NewlyindustrializedwesternnationsexploitedotherpartsoftheworldsuchasIndiaandAfricain
ordertoaccessrawmaterialsandguaranteemarketsfortheirproducts.Theimpactofthe
IndustrialRevolutionwasfurtherseeninthenineteenthcenturyaspopulationinindustrialized
westerncountriescontinuedtogrowlargelybyemigrationfromcountriessuchasIrelandwhich
werenotindustrializedorexperiencedproblemssuchasfamines.Citiesbecamemorenumerous
andbiggerthaninprevioustimes.Anewmiddleclasswasgrowingbecauseofindustry.Theonly
countryinWesternEuropewithadecliningpopulationinthenineteenthcenturywasIreland.
Workingandlivingconditionsforthelaborclasswereabysmalinallindustrializedcountries.
Reformmovementssuchastradeunionschallengedtheseconditions.Chartism,aworkingclass
consciousnessoftheworkingclass.TheLuddites,craftsmenexpressingdissatisfactionwith
movementwasorganizedinthenineteenthcentury.Itorganizedgeneralstrikesandraisedthe
machinemadeproducts,wentintofactoriesanddestroyedmachinery. Childrenworkedin
factoriesfor1012hoursdailyoftenbythetimetheyweresevenyearsold. Corporalpunishment
wasacommoneventifchildrenbecametired,restlessordistracted. Thefactorieswerenotwell
ventilated.Theairwaspollutedintextilemills. Eventuallygovernmentsachievedlegislationto
lessentheoppressionofthelaboringclass.LegislationsuchastheFactoryActof1833pushed
thisforward.
Chapter21StudyGuide 632664
CongressofVienna
632635
QuadrupleAlliance
633,636
KlemensVonMetternich
633636,640,651
principleoflegitimacy
633634
balanceofpower
634
EdmundBurke
635
ConcertofEurope
636
QuintupleAlliance(Quadruple)
633,636
PrincipleofIntervention
636,638
CongressofAixlaChapelle
636
CongressofTropau
636
CongressofLaibach
636
CongressofVerona
636
NicholasI
641,642,652,669
KarlsbadDecrees
640
MonroeDoctrine
637
Liberalism
642644
ThomasMalthus
642,689
JohnStuartMill
643644
Nationalism
644,647
CharlesFourier
644
Socialism
644646
RobertOwen
644,627
LouisBlanc
644,648
FloraTristan
645646
CharlesX
639,646
JulyOrdinances(revolution)
646,647
LouisPhillippe
646648
AlexanderHamilton
653
ThomasJefferson
653
JohnMarshall
653654
AndrewJackson
654
CasparDavidFriedrich
659660
MaryShelley
658659
J.M.W.Turner
659660
EugeneDelacroix
660661
LudwigvanBeethoven
661
Chapter21MiniLecture
In1815,leadersofwesternEuropeancountriesmetinViennatoplanforpeaceandastable
conservativeorderfollowingtheFrenchRevolutionandtheNapoleonicwars.TheQuadruple
AllianceGreatBritain,Austria,PrussiaandRussiawithKlemensvonMetternichofAustria
takingthelead,attemptedtoachieveabalanceofpowerthatwouldkeepanyonecountryfrom
dominatingEurope.Metternichwasthesymbolofconservatisminthefirsthalfofthenineteenth
century.Itwashisbeliefthattheprincipleoflegitimacy,usedtorestorelegitimatemonarchs,
wouldreestablishstabilityandpreservetraditionalinstitutions.InthemidstofthisCongress,
NapoleonescapedfromElbaandreturnedtoFrancewithawarmwelcomefromtheFrench
people.TheCongresspunishedFranceforthisinitiallybuttheendofthisCongresshadrestored
themonarchyrestoredinFrance,SpainandsomeotherEuropeancountries.InFrancethis
meantthatLouisXVIIIwasthemonarch.Also,territorialboundarieshadbeenchanged.
Tomaintainthisnewstatusquotherewerefourcongressesthatmetbetween1818and1822.
TheydevelopedtheConcertofEuropeandaddedFrancetothealliancemakingitaQuintuple
AllianceatthefirstofthesefourmeetingsinAixlaChapellein1818.
ThenextconferencewasheldatTropauin1820.Heretheyendorsedaprincipleofintervention
sothatpowerfulcountrieswouldsendinarmiestoputdownanyrevolutionagainstalegitimate
monarchy.TheBritishopposedthisdecision.ThethirdmeetingwasheldinLaibachin1821and
thefourthinVeronain1822.Theyweresuccessfulinmaintainingaconservativeorderinmuchof
EuropeaswellascountriesinCentralandSouthAmericauntil1830.
InthenineteenthcenturylandowningaristocratsgovernedGreatBritainwithParliament
dominatedbytheWhigsandtheTories.Economicdifficultiesbroughtseverepopulardiscontent.
TherewasamassprotestagainsthighbreadpricesatSt.Peter'sFieldsinManchesterwith
some60,000peopleinattendance.Asquadronofcavalryattackedthecrowdand11people
werekilled.ThiswasknownasthePeterlooMassacre.
Russia,overwhelminglyrural,hadanautocraticgovernmentunderthecontroloftsars.Duringthe
nineteenthcenturyAlexanderIandthenNicholasIruledit.TheNorthernUnion,asocietyof
youngaristocratswhowantedaconstitutionalmonarchy,revoltedattheaccessionofNicholasI.
Russiahadbecomeapolicestatesincethetsarfearedinternalandexternalrevolutionary
upheavals.
ThroughoutEurope,Nationalismwasstronginthenineteenthcentury.Believingthateach
nationalityshouldhaveitsowngovernment,thesenationaliststhreatenedconservativegoals
suchasthebalanceofpower.CountriesparticularlyinEasternEuropeweremultiethnic.
NationalismthreatenedthepoliticalbalanceofpowerasGermans,Italians,Hungariansandother
ethnicitieswantedautonomyratherthantobeminoritiesinmultinationalempires.
Socialistgroupssoughtbetterlivingandworkingconditionsforthepoor.Somewriters
endeavoredtosynthesizesocialismandfeminism.Socialistsworkedforsocialequalityandwere
againstthecompetitivespiritinindustry.TheywerelabeledbyMarxistsasutopiansocialists.
TheywerecharacterizedbyCharlesFourierwhofavoredcooperativecommunitiesasthebest
wayforhumanstolive.AmongthesocialistthinkerswereLouisBlanc,FloraTristanandRobert
OwenwhileEdmundBurkerepresentedconservativethinking.
Also,thinkerssuchasAdamSmithandThomasMalthusproposedimportanteconomicsolutions.
Malthusadvocatedkeepingthepopulationnumbersincheckinordertomakeprogress
economically.Thenaturalorder,hesaid,wasformiseryandstarvationtoreducethepopulation.
Smithmaintainedthatfreetradewasafundamentaleconomicprinciple. Inthenineteenth
century,hisviewscametobeknownaseconomicliberalism.
By1830,therewererevolutionaryoutburstsinmuchofEuropeandsomereformsinEngland.
ThemonarchyofCharlesXwasoverthrowninFrance.LouisPhilippesucceededCharlesXas
kingoftheFrench.Thus,conservativeorderimposedbytheCongressofViennawasbeginning
todisintegrate.
In1848,theforcesofchangeeruptedandpopularrevoltsbroughtaboutliberalconstitutionsand
liberalgovernmentsalthoughinmostcasesthereformswereshortlived.Theserevolutionswere
aclashbetweenmoderaterepublicansandradicalrepublicans.Liberalideologyplacedan
emphasisonindividualfreedom.
Meanwhile,theUnitedStatesmovedforwardinaneraofdemocracy.TheAmericanWarfor
Independenceproducedleaderswhowereformingagovernmentbasedonmuchofwhatthe
philosopheshadwrittenabout.TheUnitedStatesachievedmasswhitemaledemocracywhen
AndrewJacksonwaspresident.Notably,blackpeopleandwomenreceivedlittleattentionand
facedobstaclestoachievingthefreedomthatwhitemenenjoyed.
AnintellectualmovementknownasRomanticismwasprominentinwriting,musicandartinthe
nineteenthcentury.LudwigvonBeethoven,borninBonn,Germanyintoafamilyofcomposers,
wasanexampleofthetransitionfromtheclassicaleratoRomanticism.Eventually,hewasa
pureRomantic.AreturntoreligionalsowasrevivedinthisAgeofRomanticisminbothCatholic
andProtestantareas.
Chapter22StudyGuide
665697
Realpolitik
665,674
OttovonBismarck(foremostRealpolitik
666673677
NapoleonIII
649,666670,675677
LouisNapoleon
649,666669
SecondNapoleonEmpire
MexicanAdventureofNapoleonIII
668
ArchdukeMaximillianofAustria
668
CrimeanWarcauses,effectsandconsequences
668671
OttomanEmpire
668669
Dardanelles
668
FlorenceNightingale
669670
NicholasI
669,641642,652
AlexanderII
669,679682
KingCharlesAlbert
670,652
Piedmont
670672,639,652
VictorEmmanuelII
670,672
CountCamillodiCavour
670672
GuiseppeGaribaldi
672674
Zollverein
673
FrederickWilliamIV
(FrederickWilliamI543,546)
673,649,651
WilliamI
673,677
Junkers
673
DanishWar
675
AustroPrussianWar
672,675676
FrancoPrussianWar
672,676678
IsabellaII
676
Ausgleichof1867
678
PopulisminRussia
682
Zemstavos
680,
AlexanderIII
682,727
Britain'sReformActof1832
682683,723,747748,647648
QueenVictoria
682683
VictorianAge
682683
BenjaminDisraeli
683
ReformActof1867
682683
HenryJohnTemple
682
WilliamGladstone
683,723,724
EducationActof1870
683
AmericanCivilWar
683684
AbrahamLincoln
681,683684
UlyssesS.Grant
684
RobertE.Lee
684
KarlMarx
686688
SuezCanal
686
FrederichEngels
686688
CharlesDarwin
689690
LouisPasteur
688,690
CharlesDickens
693694
WilliamThackeray
693
GustaveFlaubert
693
GustavCourbet
693
JeanFrancoisMillet
694695
FranzLiszt
694695
RichardWagner
695696
Chapter22MiniLecture
Oneofthemaincharacteristicsofthenineteenthcenturywasnationalism.Asthegoalsofthe
revolutionsin1848wereachieved,anewgroupofconservativeleadersusedarmiesandpower
politicstoachievenationbuilding.
NapoleonIII,alsoknownasLouisNapoleon,wasoneoftheseleaders.Hisgoalwastocreatean
authoritarianmonarchybutoppositiontohispoliciesinFrancecausedhimtobeginliberalizing
hisgovernment.Heusedgovernmentresourcestobuildupthenationaleconomylargelywith
industrialdevelopment.Hisinternationalconflictswereunsuccessfulandhisregimewasdefeated
byPrussiain18701871.
TheCrimeanWarbeganbetweenRussiaandtheOttomanEmpire.FranceandGreatBritain
joinedinayearlater.TheimmediatecausewasRussia'sinsistenceonherrighttoprotect
religiousshrinesinPalestine.Itwasacostlywarforallinvolved.Manypeoplediedfromdisease
andmorewouldhavediedhaditnotbeenforFlorenceNightingalewhoinsistedonsanitary
procedures.
In1871,ItalywasunifiedasastateaswasGermany.Thischangedthestructurethathadbeen
putinplacebytheConcertofEurope.ThenewstateofItalywasunifiedaroundthenucleusof
PiedmontwithVictorImmanuelIIasking.GaribaldiandCavourwereimportantinachievingthis
unification.InItaly,ItaliannationalistslookedforleadershipfromthekingdomofPiedmontwithits
PrimeMinisterCamillodiCavourorganizingthisunification.
OttovonBismarck,primeministerofPrussia,wagedstrategicwarsinoppositiontoParliamentto
unifyGermany.Asamilitaryleader,helargelybypassedparliamentinpursuinghisgoalsof
militarymodernization.Bismarckwasanopportunistwhocapitalizedonunexpectedevents.He
alsomanipulatedpeopleandaffairstogethisway.Hebecamechancellorofthenewcountry.
In1867,AustriabecametheAustriaHungaryEmpirewithaDualMonarchycreatedbythe
Ausgleichof1867.Thereweretwokingsandtwocapitalsforoneempire.Thisagreement
followedtheAustroPrussianWar.AlthoughHungarywashonoredotherethnicitiesintheempire
werenotsatisfiedwiththearrangement.
RussiaundertheRomanovswasindeclineafterlosingtheCrimeanWar.Antiquatedfarming
methods,serfdomandpeasantrevoltswereamongitsgreatestproblems.Thereformsof
AlexanderII,oneofwhichwaslocalassemblieswithsomeselfgoverningpowerscalled
zemstavos,didnotpreventtheviolence,whichbrought,amongotherthings,hisown
assassination.
Inthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury,BritainwasintheVictorianAge.Economicgrowth
broughtstability,anindustrialmiddleclassandsocialreforms.VictoriawasqueenwhileBenjamin
DisraeliwaspowerfulinParliament.Disraeli'sReformActof1867increasedthenumberofvoters
inBritainandcausedtheLiberalandConservativepoliticalpartiestobemoreorganized.
SlaveryendedintheUnitedStatesafteracostlyCivilWarandtheassassinationofPresident
AbrahamLincoln.By1860,justbeforetheCivilWarbegan,therewereapproximatelyfourmillion
slavesintheUnitedStates.Afterthewar,thelongroadforrightsforblackpeoplebegan. Alsoin
NorthAmerica,Canadabecameanation.Thiscountrygaineditsindependencein1867withthe
DominionActofCanada.
ThenineteenthcenturywasalsoshapedbythinkerssuchasKarlMarxwithhissocialtheories
andCharlesDarwinwithhistheoryofevolution.Darwinstartedasastudentoftheologyat
CambridgebuthismajorworkcamefromhisscientificexpeditionontheHMSBeagle.Louis
PasteurofFranceintroducedamorescientificapproachtomedicine.Amonghiscontributions
werethegermtheory,pasteurizationofliquidsandthedevelopmentofproceduressuchasthe
rabiesvaccine.
Inart,musicandliterature,romanticismgavewaytorealism.Amongtheimportantbooks
publishedduringthistimewereMADAMEBOVARY,THEOLDCURIOSITYSHOPandVANITY
FAIR:ANovelwithoutaHero.
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Chapter 15Chapter ReviewThe Bureau of Labor Statistics measures unemployment by: surveying households.The Bureau of Labor Statistics surveys households to determine whether the intervieweesare: employed, unemployed or not in the labor force.The labor
UNC - ACCT - 3551
Before you take Quiz for Chapter 21 go through all the topics mentioned below:1. Keynes's liquidity preference theory of the interest rate suggests that the interest rate is determined by:(Hint: interest rate is determined by the supply and demand for m
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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT (BUS 137)STUDY GUIDEChapter 1Management the process of working with people and resources to accomplishorganizational goals p.12New Competitive Landscape (list and explain each one) 1) Globalizationstrong demand is coming fr
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AdamStoneBUS137000101/16/2011Business137AssignmentChapter61.Whatarethecharacteristicsoforganizationstructure?Therearetwoverydifferenttypesoforganizationstructurethatvaryin theiraims.Themechanisticorganizationthatstrivesforefficiencyaboveallelse and
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TestReviewChapters1and2Question1In a recent survey, 1708 adults in the United Stateswere asked if they think global warming is a problemthat requires immediate government action. Ninehundred thirty-nine of the adults said yes. Identify thepopulatio
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Chapter 21. Which of the following would be considered a product cost for external financialreporting purposes?a.b.Cost of a warehouse used to storefinished goods.Cost of guided public tours through thecompany's facilities.c.Cost of travel neces
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ECO 251Study Guide for Final ExamCh. 14 to 18 & 20Chapter 141 2. Table on page 2911. Price and quantity sold relationship represented in the table showa competitive market:(Table 1 on the Page291)2. If firm doubles the output from 3 to 6 units_.(T
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MicroeconomicNotes12/04/201111:48:00KnowthedifferentgraphsforMicroeconomics,MacroeconomicsLossbearingfirmisalwaysapricetakerLossisequaltoATCPxQsold=InthelongrunallfactorsofproductionwillbedcomevariableExitcriteriainthelongrunacompetitivefirmwillexit
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BA141A Business LawFall 2008 Midterm Study GuideTrue/False Questions1. Hasbro, Inc., the trademark owner of Candy Land, sought a court injunction toprevent Internet Entertainment Group, LTD from using the domain name,candyland.com. A jury will decide
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Capacity- legal ability to enter into K- minors someone under 18- mental impairment s/o unable to understand the natureRescind mental capacity to enter into a contractDisaffirm does not have the mental capacity to rescindBoth mean to cancel the cont
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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT (BUS 137)STUDY GUIDEChapters 9-12: Key Terms and ConceptsChapter 9: Leadership-Leadership-Vision-Strategic Leadership-Sources of Power-Traditional Approaches to Leadershipo Traits Approacho Path Goal Theoryo Situat
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Quiz Information for Chapter 11:Before you take the quiz please review everything given below and make it sure that you know everythingand then take the quiz.To find CPI,1) Fix the Basket2) Find the prices3) Compute the baskets cost4) Choose a base
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Quiz Information for Chapter 23Before you take Quiz for Chapter 23 go through all the topics mentioned below:1. Suppose that the economy is suffering from pessimism on the part of consumers and firms. Which of thefollowing is an activist stabilization
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MLA Research Paper (Levi)Title is centeredabout one-thirddown the page.Writers name iscentered aroundthe middle of thepage.Course name,professors name,and date areLopez begins tocentered near theidentify andbottom of the page.question Gooda
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Chapter 3Systems Design: Job-Order CostingSolutions to Questions3-1 By definition, overhead consists of costs that cannot practically be traced to products or jobs. Therefore, if they are to be assigned to products or jobs, overhead costs must be alloc
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Test 1 Managerial Accounting 03/09/091. All of the following are characteristics of a pull production system EXCEPT: A) Inventories are reduced to a minimum by purchasing raw materials and producing units only as needed to meet consumer demand. B) Raw ma
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AT151M ReviewProblemsforChapters1&2 KEY1. Identifythepopulationandthesample.a. Astudyof33,043infantsinItalywasconductedtofindalinkbetweenaheart rhythmabnormalityandsuddeninfantdeathsyndrome. Population:collectionofallinfantsinItaly;Sample:collecti
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#7a7b7cClass Width= range / number of classes8.5 so round up to 9Classes43-5152-6061-6970-7879-8788-96Scroll down tosee all answersfor problem #7Frequency Relative freq23.64%35.45%610.91%1425.45%1832.73%1221.82%55Freque nc y H
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AT151M ReviewProblemsforChapters1&21. Identifythepopulationandthesample.a) Astudyof33,043infantsinItalywasconductedtofindalinkbetweenaheartrhythm abnormalityandsuddeninfantdeathsyndrome.b) Asurveyof1906householdsintheUSfoundthat13%havehighdefinitio
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AT151M ExtraProblemsforChapters351. While staying in a hotel, you decide to rent a DVD from the font desk. They have 6 comedies, 5action movies, 4 Romantic movies, 9 childrens movies, and one classic western movie.Suppose that you want to apply what
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AT151M ExtraProblemsforChapters351. While staying in a hotel, you decide to rent a DVD from the font desk. They have 6 comedies, 5action movies, 4 romantic movies, 9 childrens movies, and one classic western movie.Suppose that you want to apply what
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Test 2 Extra Problem Answers3b0.039BINOMDIST(65,100,0.59,FALSE)3c0.043BINOMDIST(50,100,0.59,TRUE)3d0.4621-BINOMDIST(59,100,0.59,TRUE)4x012345678910P(x)0.3120.3850.2140.0710.0150.0020.0000.0000.0000.0000.000BINOMDIST(A8,1
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#2tc2L2R2.064 =TINV(0.05,24)12.401 =CHIINV(1-0.05/2,24)39.364 =CHIINV(0.05/2,24)#3Zc2.33 =NORMSINV(1-0.02/2)#4tc2.861 =TINV(0.01,19)#630 Mean29 SD34 tc2425161830193029164137#9Zc27 =AVERAGE($A$13:$A$26)7.75 =STDEV($A$13:$A$
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Review for Test 3 (Chapters 6 & 7)1. What are the correct notations for both the population parameter and the samplestatistic for the following: mean, proportion, variance, and standard deviation?What distribution is appropriate for use with each param
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CONFIDENCE INTERVALSPARAMETERDISTRIBUTIONpStudent tStandardNormal or 2CRITICALVALUE(S)TINV(, df)Chi SquareNORMSINV(1/2)CHIINV(1-/2, df)CHIINV(/2, df)HYPOTHESIS TESTINGPARAMETERDISTRIBUTIONStudent tpStandardNormal or 2Chi SquareT
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Jessica Murray is the owner and operator of Haskins, Inc. Haskins, Inc. is a 15 year oldcompany and it currently has 73 employees. Jessica intentionally kept her company small so thatshe could pay her employees very well and give good benefits. Currentl
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The Power ofConversational HypnosisPublished by Clifford Mee & Igor Ledochowski Igor ledochowskiLegal MattersALL RIGHTS RESERVED.No part of this ebook may be reproduced or transmitted in any formwhatsoever, electronic, or mechanical, including phot
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Tutorial 01: Developing a Web PageTRUE/FALSE1. The Internet consists of an uncountable number of nodes that enable users to communicate and shareinformation.ANS: TPTS: 1REF: HTML 22. The origins of the Internet can be traced backed to a WAN called
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Tutorial 02: Developing a Web SiteTRUE/FALSE1. The home page acts as a focal point for the Web site.ANS: TPTS: 1REF: HTML 622. Id names are case-sensitive.ANS: FPTS: 1REF: HTML 743. Marking a location with an anchor does not change a document's
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Tutorial 03: Working with Cascading Style SheetsTRUE/FALSE1. Most Web browsers assume a white page background by default.ANS: TPTS: 1REF: HTML 1382. If you do not define an elements color, it takes the color of the element that contains it.ANS: TP
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Tutorial 04: Creating Special Effects with CSSTRUE/FALSE1. Selector patterns can be used to create styles for elements based upon their location.ANS: TPTS: 1REF: HTML 2012. The general format for a contextual selector is parent: descendant cfw_style
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Tutorial 05: Working with Web TablesTRUE/FALSE1. Each table in a Web page follows a basic structure consisting of the table element and a collection oftable columns nested in the table element.ANS: FPTS: 1REF: HTML 2732. The item shown in the figur
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Tutorial 06: Working with Web FormsTRUE/FALSE1. HTML supports tags that allow you to create forms and analyze the information submitted on forms.ANS: FPTS: 1REF: HTML 3472. The earliest and most common of the languages used for server-based programs
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Tutorial 07: Working with MultimediaTRUE/FALSE1. One of the most popular sites on the Web is YouTube, which is almost solely dedicated to the creationand dissemination of user-created video.ANS: TPTS: 1REF: HTML 4122. One of the primary goals when
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Tutorial 08: Designing a Web Site with FramesTRUE/FALSE1. As more pages are added to a Web site, the designer often needs a way to display information fromseveral pages at the same time.ANS: TPTS: 1REF: HTML 4802. A common use of frames is to displ
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Tutorial 09: Working with XHTMLTRUE/FALSE1. While powerful, SGML is also quite simple to learn and apply.ANS: FPTS: 1REF: HTML 5262. SGML is device-independent and system-independent.ANS: TPTS: 1REF: HTML 5263. Various Web browsers developed the
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Tutorial 10: Working with JavaScriptTRUE/FALSE1. In client-side programming, programs run on the client side directly change the server data.ANS: FPTS: 1REF: HTML 5662. Early on, a problem with Java was that nonprogrammers found it difficult to lear
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Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Microscopy o Light microscope (LM) visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses Magnification ratio of an objects image size to its real size Resolution the measure of the clarit of the image Cont
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C hapter 7 membrane structu re and function Plasma membrane is the edge of life I t is 8nm thick, and controls t raffic into and out of the cell Exhibits selective permeability allows some substances to cross it more easily than others Fundamental to life
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C hapter 8 An int roduction to Metabolism Organization of the Chemistry of L ife into Metabolic Pathways A m etabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule altered in a series of defined steps each with a specific enzyme ending in a product Catabolic pa
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Le Chateliers Principle Le Chateliers Principle is a law in chemistry that is used to predict the changes a chemical equilibrium would go through in response to different stresses applied to that equilibrium. French Chemist Henry Le Chatelier suggested th
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Toothpickasenoinhibitors time(sec) toothpicks 0 0 10 9 30 12 60 17 120 34 180 35Toothpicks metabolized vs. Time40 35 30 25 numbr of toothpicks 20 15 10 5 0 0 50 100 time (s) Toothpickasewithinhibitors Allosteric competitive decreasetemp 0 0 0 0 10 0.7 0
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Chinese Dragon Portrayed as long, scaled, serpentine creatures with four legs I ts the yang (male) part in the Chinese idea of y inyang countered by the Chinese phoenix or fenghuang Chinese dragons are considered strong powerful creatures E uropean dragon
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Puyi: Chinas Last Emperor Puyi, the last emperor of both the QingDynasty and China in general, was the youngest emperor in all of Chinas history. He lived through some of the most controversial and chaotic times in China. As a child he witnessed the last
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The Rape of Nanjing The Rape of Nanjing, one of the most horrendousatrocities in Chinese history, occurred in December of 1937. In a period of only six weeks, hundreds of thousands of Chinese soldiers and civilians were brutally massacred by the Japanese
Barber-Scotia - BIO - 100
August,2010BIOLOGYAPName Thesequestionsmaybeansweredanywhereyouwant.Youmayusethetextbookoranyother referencesyouwish,butyoumaynotdiscussitwithanyotherpersonexceptme.Yourpledge onthispaper,whenturnedinatthebeginningofclassonWednesday,August18,indicatest
UCLA - ENGINEERIN - ENG045
MIT OpenCourseWare http:/ocw.mit.edu5.60 Thermodynamics & KineticsSpring 2008For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http:/ocw.mit.edu/terms.5.60 Spring 2008Lecture #26-27page 1STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICSCalculation
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INTRODUCTION TOATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRYDaniel J. JacobHarvard University(djj@io.harvard.edu)January 1999to be published by Princeton University PressPrinceton, New JerseyFOREWORDThis book contains the lectures and problems from the 1-semester course
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Istanbul Technical University - END - 331
Istanbul Technical University - END - 331
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1)A Question 1 p=0.8, prize=100 $B Question 2 p=0.5, prize= 200 $E[A] = 0*0.2 + 100*(0.8*0.5) + 300*(0.8*0.5) = 0 + 40 + 120 = 160E[B]= 0*0.5 + 200*(0.5*0.2) + 300*(0.5*0.8) = 0 + 20 + 120 =140As we see the expected value of A is greater than B. So f
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Istanbul Technical University - END - 331
Theory of Probability HW #11. A hunter has two hunting dogs. One day, on the trail of some animal, the hunter comes to a placewhere the road diverges into two paths. He knows that each dog, independently of the other, willchoose the correct path with p
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Microeconomic Theory IPreliminary ExaminationUniversity of PennsylvaniaAugust 15, 2011InstructionsThis exam has 5 questions and a total of 100 points.You have two hours to complete it.Answer each question in a SEPARATE exam book.If you need to mak