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Course: POL SCI 20, Fall 2010
School: UCLA
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Examples Historical Start of the Cold War Systemic factors Levels of Analysis: Part IV Bipolarity Balance of power Domestic Combining the Levels Chinas foreign policy under Mao Zedong Systemic factors Balance of power Domestic Ideology Ideology Individual Individual Stalin PS20 SUMMER 2009 1 United States After World War II Experiences 1930s and 1940s? Popular expectations/desires?...

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Examples Historical Start of the Cold War Systemic factors Levels of Analysis: Part IV Bipolarity Balance of power Domestic Combining the Levels Chinas foreign policy under Mao Zedong Systemic factors Balance of power Domestic Ideology Ideology Individual Individual Stalin PS20 SUMMER 2009 1 United States After World War II Experiences 1930s and 1940s? Popular expectations/desires? Initial reaction to Churchill's speech in Fulton, Missouri PS20 SUMMER 2009 Mao PS20 SUMMER 2009 2 Effect on System of Two World Wars Which great powers were eliminated? Which were weakened? Superpowers? 3 PS20 SUMMER 2009 4 1 Factors Affecting Soviet Foreign Policy Position of United States Vis--vis Britain Vis--vis USSR Marxism-Leninism Stalin How different from before? Previous commitments? PS20 SUMMER 2009 5 PS20 SUMMER 2009 6 New Cold War History Stresses Internal Factors in USSR John Lewis Gaddis Previous explanation Cold War based on structural realism Kenneth Waltz More recently has stressed Combining Levels of Analysis Ideology Stalin Understanding Chinese Foreign Policy in the Time of Mao Zedong Vladislav Zubok revolutionaryimperial paradigm PS20 SUMMER 2009 7 PS20 SUMMER 2009 8 2 Recent Works on Topic Historical Background Chen Jian Central Kingdom Relations with barbarians Tributary states Chinas Road to the Korean War Maos China and the Cold War Michael Sheng Korea Vietnam Battling Western Imperialism Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai Century of dishonor Began with Opium War (1839-42) unequal treaties Extraterritoriality Treaty ports Approximately 80 Uncertain Partners PS20 SUMMER 2009 9 Loss of Sovereignty Britain France Vietnam Concession in Shanghai Japan Outer Mongolia Xinjiang Manchuria Korea Taiwan Manchuria U.S. Unequal treaties Military garrisons PS20 SUMMER 2009 10 Loss of Sovereignty (Continued) Imperial Russia Hong Kong Shanghai International Settlement PS20 SUMMER 2009 11 Inability defend Chinese sovereignty led to overthrow Manchu dynasty 1912 Warlordism Civil wars PS20 SUMMER 2009 12 3 Revolution in China War With Japan Communist Party of China Nationalist Party Opposed warlord regimes Opposed Western powers Backed by Soviet Union 1924-27 Member of Comintern Supported by Soviet Union Aligned with Nationalists until 1927 Civil war with Nationalists PS20 SUMMER 2009 Japan occupied Manchuria (1931) Invasion China proper (1937) Uneasy truce between Nationalists and Communists World War II (1939-45) U.S. and Japan at war (1941-45) 13 PS20 SUMMER 2009 Chinese Communists Come to Power Resumption Chinese Civil War, 1945-49 Nationalists Some American aid Lost anyway Flee to Taiwan Realist Explanation Maos Alignment With Soviet Union Communists Soviet aid Win victory People's Republic of China (PRC) proclaimed 10-31-49 PS20 SUMMER 2009 14 15 Attributes it American hostility Mao essentially nationalist Forced into alliance did not want Blame on American anticommunism PS20 SUMMER 2009 16 4 What Realist Explanation Overlooks Other Shortcomings With Realist Explanation of Sino-Soviet Alignment Early American overtures to Chinese Communists Forswore effort to prevent Communists taking Taiwan CCP attitude/actions American Rhetoric diplomats Makes Central Kingdom simply involuntary respondent to outside pressure Makes Mao cipher Implies any other Chinese leader would have done same Sino-Soviet military aid agreement predates official proclamation PRC Concluded 8-18-49 Mao signed unequal treaty with Soviet Union PS20 SUMMER 2009 17 Conclusions of More Recent Scholarship Chinese Communists ties to Soviet Union Soviet aid probably decisive final stages Chinese Civil War Other Soviet allies North Korea Outer Mongolia PS20 SUMMER 2009 18 Mao's China As Revolutionary State Mao International aspects Owed position to Stalin Ambitions View of U.S. Rejection international order Concrete manifestation Domestic externalization (Robert Snyder) Korea Vietnam Negative Desire to revolutionize Chinese society PS20 SUMMER 2009 19 PS20 SUMMER 2009 20 5 Mao's Revolutionary Domestic Program and Foreign Policy China needed to lean to one side. Revolution at home required alignment with the socialist camp; neutrality would confuse Chinese people. Mao's Revolutionary Domestic Program and Foreign Policy (Continued) Clean the house first before inviting guests. Mao wanted to isolate China from West while new society being created; friendly contacts with noncommunist world would impede revolutionary change. PS20 SUMMER 2009 Command economy Industrialization Secret police terror Labor camps modeled on Soviet GULAG Having foreign enemy who was capitalist and imperialist was useful 21 PS20 SUMMER 2009 22 Great War to Resist America and Aid Korea Chinas Entry Into Korean War State-level Usually described simply as defensive response to American approach to Chinese territory Seen as reluctant What level of analysis? PS20 SUMMER 2009 Mao followed basic outlines Stalinist model Individual Chinese Communist ties to Korean Communists Fight vs. Japan Chinese Civil War 23 Most Chinese leadership opposed entry into war Mao PS20 SUMMER 2009 View of security Ambitions Opportunity 24 6 Maos Move Toward Normalized Relations With U.S. Realist systemiclevel Sino-Soviet rift 1969 armed clashes Individual level Critique of Realist Explanation Sino-Soviet tension around for years U.S. President Richard Nixon Began 1950s over ideological issues Admittedly more dangerous by 1969 Vietnam War Soviet invasion Czechoslovakia (1968) PS20 SUMMER 2009 25 Critique of Realist Explanation (Continued) 26 Factors in PRC Decision PRC had opposed both U.S. and USSR for years Why pick U.S. over Soviet Union? Domestic Individual New Chinese Party ideological formulations Korean War Vietnam War Soviet Union now called capitalist Therefore imperialist Now okay to align with American imperialism vs. Soviet variety U.S at war with state previously close ally of PRC Chinese troops in North Vietnam PRC claimed role of leader of world revolution PS20 SUMMER 2009 PS20 SUMMER 2009 27 Power struggle Mao vs. Lin Biao Lin preferred reconciliation with USSR Lins demise cleared way for Sino-American normalization PS20 SUMMER 2009 28 7 Evaluating the Value of Any Particular Level of Analysis Systemic Can explain a lot However States do not always respond same way to systemic pressures Individuals in the end make key decisions PS20 SUMMER 2009 29 8
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for "SelfQuiz"Your Results Print this page The Print feature requires scripting to function. Your browser either does not support scripting or you have turned scripting off. To print this page, first highlight the text, then select Print from the File m
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