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Midterm 2 review-1
Course: MCB 32, Fall 2009School: Berkeley
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Questions MCB32 Review for Midterm 2 Fall 2009 1. Name all the organs in the body that secrete lipid soluble hormones 2a. What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary? 2b. What are the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary? 3. What are the differences between H2O soluble and fat-soluble hormones. List as many as possible. Steroids by : Adrenal Cortex Gonads Others by: Thyroid Gland Ant Pit:...
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Questions MCB32
Review for Midterm 2
Fall 2009
1. Name all the organs in the body that secrete lipid soluble hormones
2a. What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?
2b. What are the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?
3. What are the differences between H2O soluble and fat-soluble
hormones. List as many as possible.
Steroids by :
Adrenal Cortex
Gonads
Others by:
Thyroid Gland
Ant Pit: 1.Growth
Hormone2.Prolactin3.
FollicleStimulating
Hormone4.Lutinezing
Hormone5.Thyroid
StimulatingHormone6.
AdrenalCorticotrophic
Hormone
Post Pit: ADH, Oxytocin
H20(NE,Epi,Insulin)
peptides
Storedwithincell
waitingforsignalto
exocytosis.
Storedinvesicles.
Fastactivation,Fast
responsebecause
proteinsalreadymade
andwaitingforrelease.
Membranebound
Receptor
Gprotien
PhosphorlyationCascade
AmplificationThrough
SecondMessenger
System
Travelsthroughblood
withoutcarrierprotien
Fastclearanceandhalf
MCB32
Fall 2009
Review Questions for Midterm 2
life
Fastoff(shortduration)
LipidSoluble
(SteroidsandT4)
Synthesized(derived
from)cholesterol
Cannotbestoredsorate
ofcreation=rateof
diffusion(exceptThyroid
Hormone)
Transportedoncarriers
throughtheblood
becausecannotdissolve
intoblood.
longhalflifeinblood
becauseofcarriers
receptorisinsidecell.
effectdonebychanging
transcriptionand
translationofDNAto
makeproteins.This
takesawhiletomakethe
protien
ittakesawhileforonset
becausetheymustbe
made.
Durationislong.(Slow
Off)
4. Anterior Pit differs from Post pit in terms of anatomy, types of cells,
and regulation. Describe each.
PosteriorPituataryhas
neuralcellsthatare
directlyconnectedto
hypothalamus.Posterior
MCB32
Fall 2009
Review Questions for Midterm 2
Pituatarystoresitsown
hormonesbutdoesnot
makethem.
AnteriorPituatary
hormonessignalthrough
blood(portalsystem)
fromhypothalamusto
anteriorpituitary,makes
andsecretesit'sown
hormones
5. This hormone functions in growth of long bones and metabolism
involving gluconeogenesis (increased blood glucose), lipolysis, and
protein synthesis.
GrowthHormone
6. This hormone is the principal hormone for regulating basal metabolic
rate.
Cortisol
7a. (True/False) Thyroxine (T4) is more active than T3
7b. (T/F) T4 is in higher concentration than T3 in blood circulation.
False
True
Theythyroidgland
releasesmostlyt4butt4
enterscellandthenis
convertedtot3.
8. Low amounts of this hormone early in life can cause dwarfism.
9. Low amount of this hormone early in life can cause cretinism.
10a. What does parathyroid hormone do?
10b. Why is it essential for life?
11. Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary can
cause this condition in children and another condition in adults.
Thyroidhormoneand
growthhormone.Thyroid
hormoneispermissivefor
growthhormone
Thyroid Hormone
Increases blood Ca++.
Need calcium for heart
contraction
Gigantisminchildren
AcromegalyinAdults
12. One of the most common causes of goiter is due to deficiency in this
nutrient.
Iodine
13. This disease causes protruberance of the eyes, elevated thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
MCB32
Review Questions for Midterm 2
Fall 2009
hormone, and is autoimmune in origin.
14. What hormone is released from the c-cells?
Secrete calcitonin
15. This hormone increases bone formation (osteoblast)?
Calcitonin - causesblood
calciumtogodownand
despoitscalciumonbones
Look in notes
16. Draw the RAAS system (location, stimulus, enzymes involved, and
hormones).
17. What are some of the differences between ADH and Aldosterone. (I
can think of at least three).
ADHPosterior
pituatary.H2Osoluable
stimulus=blood
osmolaritygoesup.can
happenintwowayslose
H20orconcentratemore
salt.Osmolereceptorsin
kidney;stimulateswater
retention.Fastresponse
AldosteroneSecreted
from1stlayerofadrenal
cortex.Fatsoluable.
Sodiumandwater
reabsorbtion.slow
response.Stimulusfor
release=LowBlood
PressureandBlood
Volume.kidneysdetect
bloodpressure,thenit
meansbloodvolumeis
low.
18. Compound X binds to the same receptor as your hormone but has NO
effect. Is it an agonist, antagonist, synergist? What does each term mean?
AntagonistBindstothe
receptorbutblocksthat
neurotransmitter.Little
tonoeffect.rendersit
useless.Whichcreates
affectsoppositetowhat
MCB32
Fall 2009
Review Questions for Midterm 2
theendogenoushormone
normallydoes.
19a. Name two target organs and associated function of cortisol.
b. Why does administration of exogenous cortisol decrease endogenous
cortisol levels?
Cortisolsteroidhormone
releasedinresponseto
stress.Increaseblood
glucoselevels.Increases
freefattyacidsinblood.
Livergluconeogenesis
Musclebreaksdown
protientogiveyouamino
acids
Fatbreaksfatdownto
givefreefattyacids
b.thereisnegative
feedbackfromcortisolto
CRHandACTH.
20. True/False The adrenal medulla releases more norepinephrine and
epinephrine.
21. Addisons disease is due to hyposecretion or hypersecretion of this
hormone.
Bad question
22. Cushings disease is due to hyposecretion or hypersecretion of this
hormone.
Bonus: What are the clinical ramifications and blood nutrient levels?
23. Name the hormone produced by the pancreatic islet cells that causes
liver gluconeogenesis.
Hypersecretion of cortisol
24. Low levels of potassium the in blood serum cause arrythmias/muscle
weakness. Is this due to hyperpolarization or depolarization of muscle
cells?
Hyperpolarizationwhich
meansharderforaction
potentialstofire.Harder
tocontractthismuscle.
25. Does salt elevation in the blood cause hypertension or hypotension?
Why?
Hypertension,because
increasedbloodsalinity
meanshigherwater
concentrationthismeans
morebloodvolumewhich
meanshigherblood
pressurewhichis
Hyposecretion of cortisol
Glucagon
MCB32
Fall 2009
Review Questions for Midterm 2
hypertension.
26. Do high levels of potassium in blood serum cause hyperpolarization or lesskleavescells
depolarization of muscle cells? (Hint: leads to fatal/lethal arrhythmias)
becauseconcentration
gradient.Depolarizes.
cellsunabletorepolarize
andbecomelessexcitable
27. Ca2+ is the primary ion of muscle contraction. It binds to
TropininCreceptors
________________ to allow interactions between these two proteins
actbetweenmyosinactin
involved in muscle contraction.
28. Draw the entire pathway for skeletal muscle contraction starting from
the neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction all the way up
to sliding filament model and subsequent relaxation.
musclefiberisacelland
ismultinucleute.made
upoftonsofsarcomeres
Motorneurongetssignal
frombrainleadsto
vesicularreleaseof
acetylcholine.
Acetylcholinegoesinto
membraneinto
sarcolemma(membrane)
interactswithmotor
endplatehasnicotinic
receptors.sodiumflows
inpotasiumflowsout.
depolarizationiscalled
endplatepotential
(EPSP)whichleadsto
ActionPotential.
Actionpotentialgoes
downTtubuletothe
DHPreceptor.Theaction
potentialcausesgateto
openinandthenopens
theryanadinereceptor
sarcoplasmicreticulium.
Calciumflowsoutfrom
sarcoplasmicreticulium.
MCB32
Fall 2009
Review Questions for Midterm 2
Calciumbindsto
tropinoninCand
tropomyosinreconforms
inordertoallowmyosin
bindingsitestoopenup
allowingcontractionby
myosinbindingtoactin.
Duringcontraction:
Hbandbecomes
smaller
Abandstaysthesame
Ibandgetssmaller
29. At the beginning of the cross bridging cycle of muscle contraction,
what causes the conformational change of the myosin head?
ADPandPiarebound
whichmeansmyosinisin
cockedpositionandis
readytospringandmake
it'smotion.
Pi(inorganicphosphate)
leavesmyosinand
releasesallofit'senergy
thenheadandgoesback
torestingstate(power
stroke)
ADPleavesafterpower
stroke
Thenthemyosinheadis
leftboundtoactin.When
youdiethereisnomore
ATPbeingmadeandso
themyosinstays
attachedtotheactinand
thisisrigormortis.
ATPleadstobindingon
actin.ATPhydrolysis
MCB32
Fall 2009
Review Questions for Midterm 2
leadsbacktothe
beginningthiscycle.
TOSTOP
CONTRACTIONmake
calciumleaveandthen
tropomyosinwillconform
backtohowitwas.
Calciumpumpedback
intothesarcoplasmic
reticuliumpumpedby
calciumatpase.
Thinfilamentisactin.
Thickfilamentis
myosin.ithasheads
thatdocrossbridge
cycle.IBandonly
composedforactin.A
Bandmyosin.
30. Name the atrioventricular valves in the heart and what side each is
located on (ie. right or left)?
Bicuspid(left)
Tricuspid(right)
31. What special junctions in the heart allow for rapid conduction of
signals? Describe the mechanics behind them.
Gapjunctions.Theywork
liketunnelsin
intercalateddisksto
provideforrapidtransit
(liketunnels)ofions
acrosscellsmeaning
rapidcontractionall
together.
SA atria (gap junctions)
AV node Bundle of
His R/L bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Ventricular muscle fibers
C.O=heartrate(beats
perminute)xstroke
32. Trace the pathway of excitation of the heart beginning at the SA node
and ending at the muscle ventricles. (Do not confuse the conduction
system of the heart from cardiac muscles!)
33. What are the two equations to describe cardiac output. (know the units
of these for the exam please!!!)
MCB32
Fall 2009
Review Questions for Midterm 2
volume(mlperstroke)
meanarterialpressure=
Cariacoutputxtotal
peripheralresistancein
arterioles
34. Name the special receptors in the body that help regulate pressure in
the vascular system.
Bonus: Where are they located?
BaroReceptors
Bonus: aorta, internal carotid
35. True/False The venous system is a high pressure system.
36. Name the most important difference between neuron action potentials
and those triggered in the heart muscle fibers (ie. ventricles).
FALSE
Involves Ca+ and there is no
hyperpolarization in cardiac
muscles.
Look in the reader on page 8a
37. What are the differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscles?
38a. Which valves are open during diastole? During systole?
b. What sound (lub/dub) is produced during diastole? Systole?
39. What are the differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation.
40a. What is the role of pericardium?
40b. Why do you think the left ventricular muscle is approximately 3x
thicker than that of right ventricle?
Beginning of systole: lub,
semilunar valves open, av
valves closed
Beginning of diastole: dub,
semilunar valves close, av
valves open
Pulmonary to lungs, less
resistance
Systemic to body, more
resistance (that's why left
ventricular wall is thicker)
Pericardium Basically
protects the heart from
friction.
b. More resistance in the
systemic circulation than
pulmonary circulation
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