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Course: BISC 305, Fall 2011School: Simon Fraser
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vision Vertebrate Photoreception Lens Retina Colour eyes Lens focuses light on the retina Changes in shape of lens change the focal length, so focus light from different distances (accomodation) See Fig. 7.35/ 6.35 and 7.36/ 6.36 Evolution of eyes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye Kutschera and Niklas 2004 Naturwissenschaften 91:255276 Eye structure Layer of photoreceptor cells = retina...
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vision
Vertebrate Photoreception
Lens
Retina
Colour eyes
Lens focuses light on the retina
Changes in shape of lens change the focal
length, so focus light from different
distances (accomodation)
See Fig. 7.35/ 6.35 and 7.36/ 6.36
Evolution of eyes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye
Kutschera and Niklas 2004
Naturwissenschaften 91:255276
Eye structure
Layer of photoreceptor cells = retina
Fig. 7.35/ 6.35
Orientation of retina
Rods and cones are arranged
backwards
Vertebrate vs.
Cephalopod
Fig. 7.37/
6.37
Retina
Fovea
Blind spot
See also
http://www.yorku.ca/eye/blndspot.htm
Signal processing in the
vertebrate retina
Convergence
Receptive fields of
ganglion cells
the area of retina
from which a
ganglion cell
receives signals
Fig. 7.38/ 6.38
Colour vision
Fig. 7.42/
6.42
More than one kind of
photopigment is present the
cones of some species
E.g., short, medium, long
wavelength cones
Different photopigments are
maximally stimulated by
different wavelengths can
be used to distinguish
colours
Colour vision
Some species of birds and fish have up to
5 different Arnold
http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/eeb/researchinterests/academicstaff/kathrynarnold/
Vertebrate photoreceptors
Kate vs. invertebrate
photoreceptors
Rhabdomeric
photoreceptors: light =
depolarization
Ciliary photoreceptors:
light = hyperpolarization
Energetic costs
Increase in light for
rhabdomeric (compared
with dark)
Decrease in light for
ciliaryFig. 7.32/ 6.32
Nervous systems
Organisation of nervous
systems
Peripheral vs. Central Nervous Systems
Fig. 8.2/ 7.2
Fig. 8.1/ 7.1
Organisation of nervous
systems
Ganglion grouping of
neuronal cell bodies
Within brain,
Nuclei grouping of cell bodies
Tracts groupings of axons
Fig. 5.1/ 4.1
Organisation of nervous
systems
Ganglion grouping of
neuronal cell bodies
Within brain,
Nuclei grouping of cell bodies
Tracts groupings of axons
Outside integrating centres,
axons are organised into
nerves
Nerves may contain afferent
and efferent axons
Fig. 8.3/ 7.3
Central nervous system
White vs. gray matter
White matter bundles of
axons and myelin sheaths
Gray matter neuronal cell
bodies and dendrites
Fig. 8.5/ 7.5
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