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22 Pages
Survey Research_10.3.11
Course: PSY 250, Fall 2011School: SUNY Buffalo
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Word Count: 884
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whenthebehaviorofinterest Endproductisthedescriptionofanopinion/trait ofasamplethattheybelieveisrepresentativeof thepopulationfromwhichthesampleoriginated TypesofSurveys analtyic:Use SurveyResearch PSY250 TypesofSurveys Descriptive:usedtoexaminewhatproportion hasacertainopinion,characteristic,orbehavior ofinterest Noattemptmadetodeterminerelevantvariables andhowtheyrelateto concerned about what...
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whenthebehaviorofinterest
Endproductisthedescriptionofanopinion/trait
ofasamplethattheybelieveisrepresentativeof
thepopulationfromwhichthesampleoriginated
TypesofSurveys
analtyic:Use SurveyResearch
PSY250
TypesofSurveys
Descriptive:usedtoexaminewhatproportion
hasacertainopinion,characteristic,orbehavior
ofinterest
Noattemptmadetodeterminerelevantvariables
andhowtheyrelateto concerned about what variables
are relevant and how they might be related to the
behavior of interest
E.g., What are students exercise habits and how does
that relate to their body image?
SurveyConstruction
Clarifyresearchquestionsandobjectives
Whattypeofdatadoweneed?
Attitudes/beliefs
E.g.,politicalopinion
Demographics/facts
Academicmajor,rural/urban
Behaviors
Spendinghabits
SurveyConstruction
Payattentiontohowquestionsareworded
Guidelines:
Shouldbesimple
Avoiddoublebarreledquestionsinwhichtwo
thingsareaskedatthesametime
Avoidloadedquestionsthatleadpeopletorespond
inaparticularway
Avoidusingnegatives
SurveyConstruction
Beawareofresponsesets:atendencytorespond
inaparticularwaythatlimitsthevalidityofthe
answersgiven
Socialdisability=endorsesociallyacceptable
behaviorsandtraits
Yeasaying=tendencytosayyes
Naysaying=tendencytosayno
SurveyConstruction
Formatofthequestion
Openended:Respondentprovidestheanswer
Requiretimetocategorizeandcodethetypesof
responses
Someresponsesunabletobecategorized
SurveyConstruction
Closeended:Respondentchoosesanswerfroma
fixednumberofoptions
Yes/no
Ratingscale
Likertscalelevelofagreement
1=Stronglydisagreeto5=Stronglyagree
GraphicRatingscalemarkalongaline
SemanticDifferentialscalebipolaradjectives
Nonverbal/pictorialscale
Ratingscalewithlabeledresponsealternatives
SurveyConstruction
Checkforbiasesandissueswithwording
Decideonwhatotherinformationyouneed
PilotthesurveyHavepeopleandexpertsreview
itemsandprovidefeedback
Demographics(e.g.,age,gender,income)
Decideonadministrationprocedures
QuestionnaireAdministration
MailSurveys
Mayrequireadditionalmailings
Lowresponseratesandincomplete/unclearanswers
Administrationtoindividualsorgroups
Typicallyhighcompletionrate
Canask?Forclarification
Internet
Fasterthansnailmail
ConvenientformultipleadministrationMaybedifficultto
samplepeopleappropriately
InterviewAdministration
Personalinterview
Highcompletionrate
Respondentscanaskquestionsforclarification
Completedinpropersequence
Moretimeconsumingandcostly
Interviewerbiasmaybeaproblem
Haloeffect=confirmationofinitialimpression
Expectancyeffects
Shouldbecarefullytrainedtobeconsistentandneutral
InterviewAdministration
Telephoneinterviews
Randomdigitdialingenablesrandomsample
Computerassistanceenablesresponsestobe
entereddirectlyintocomputer
PossiblelowerresponseratesduetocallerID,do
notcalllists,orabsenceoffacetofacecontact
visualaids&inpersonrapportnotpossible
InterviewAdministration
Focusgroups
Interviewdoneinaninteractivegroupsetting
usuallyforseveralhours
Askopenendedquestionstothewholegroup
intendedfordiscussion
StudyingChangeOverTime
Administersamesurveyatmultipletimepoints
todifferentgroupsofindividuals
Tellsusaboutchangesatthegrouplevel
Panelstudy
Sameindividualsaresurveyedatmultipletime
points
Tellsusaboutchangesatindividualandgroup
level
Canassessrelationsbetweenavariableatan
Sampling
_population=theentiregroupofindividualsin
whichweareinterested
sample=thesubsetofindividualsfromthe
populationfromwhichdataisobtained
Weusesamplestomakeinferencesabouttrue
populationvalues
Confidenceintervalindicatesthestrengthofthat
inference
Assamplesizeincreases,youmoreclosely
approachthepopulationvalue
Howdowesample?
_Probabilitysampling
Eachmemberofapopulationhasaknown
probabilityofbeingselected
Nonprobabilitysampling
Probabilityofbeingselectedisunknownforany
particularmemberofapopulation
ProbabilitySampling
SimpleRandomsampling:
Eachmemberhasequalprobabilityofbeing
selected
StratifiedRandomsampling:
Populationisdividedintostrataorsubgroups
relevanttowhatisbeingstudied
Individualsarerandomlysampledfromeach
stratum/subgroup
Compositionhas=subpartsjustlikethepopulation
ProbabilitySampling
Clustersampling
Usedwhenaccesstoalistofpopulationmembersis
notavailable
Identifynaturalclustersofindividualsandsampleall
individualsfromagroupofclusters
Multistagesampling(typeofClusterSampling)
Proceedfromlargertosmallerclusters
Firstidentifyclusters
Thenrandomlyselectelementsfromeachcluster
Example:
NonprobabilitySampling
haphazardsampling
purposivesampling
Doneonthebasisofconvenience
Obtainpeoplewhomeetacertaincriterion
Quotasampling
Reflectstherelativeproportionofsubgroupsina
population
Individualsfromsubgroupsarenotrandomly
selected
Sampling:IssuestoConsider
Samplingframe:
Actualsetofindividualsfromwhichasampleis
obtained
ResponseRate:
Percentageofindividualsinthesamplewho
completedthesurvey
Providesanindicationofbias:
Providesasindication:anerrordueto
nonparticipationornonresponse
Finalsamplesmallerthanresearcherplan
VolunteerBias
(Rosnow&Rosenthal,2004)
Bettereducated
Highersocialclass
HigherIQ
Higherneedforsocialapproval
Moresociable
Moreoftenfemale
Placemorevalueonindividualfreedom
OvercomingVolunteerBias
(Rosnow&Rosenthal,2004)
Explaintothepotentialvolunteerwhythey
mightfindtheresearchinteresting.
Explainhowitisnonthreatening
Emphasizethescientificmeritofthestudy
Thinkabouthowtomakethemmost
comfortablesotheywillustheprivilegeof
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