Revolution
Effects Industrial of the Industrial Revolution
Whatwastheindustrial
revolution?
NooneconceivedtheIndustrial
Revolution
Machinescoordinatedtomakegoods
Energyfromnonanimalsources
Allstepswerefromcreativeproblem
solving
TheIndustrialRevolutionchanged
allaspectsofsociety
Shifttoaconsumersociety
Wide variety of
products
Economies based on
manufacturing
Population shifts to
urban areas
Population Effects of the
Industrial Revolution
Conditions Required for an
Industrial Revolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Raw materials for goods and energy
Population supply for industrial work
Demand
Investment capital
Laissez-faire economic policies
Merchant respectability
Presence of innovators willing to do it
Origins Why England?
FactorsinEngland
Nocivilstrife
Governmentfavoredtrade
Large,innovativemiddle
class
Islandgeography(trade)
Mobilepopulation
Everyonelivedwithin20
milesofnavigableriver
Traditionofexperimental
science
Weakguilds
Coalsupply
TextileProcess
Growing/Harvesting
Cutting/Sewing
Fiber Separation
Weaving
Spinning
Textiles
Problem:Spinningisthebottleneck
45spinnersperweaver
Textiles
CreativeSolution:
SpinningJenny
20timesimprovement
inspinningproductivity
Problem:Weavingis
thebottleneck
45weaversper
spinner
Textiles
CreativeSolution:
Pedaldrive
Flyingshuttle
Problem:Peoplewanted
patternsintheircloth
Flying Shuttle
More Technology Advances
Solution:Jacquard
looms
TextileIndustry
Problems:
Gatheringofthreadfromspinnershomes
Transportationtoweavers
Gatheringofclothfromweavershomes
Transportationtosewershomestomake
clothes
CreativeSolution:Locatespinningand
weavinginasinglefactory
RichardArkwright1771
First spinning and weaving factory
The creation of the first spinning factory
was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution
TextileFactories
Problem: Water
power is limited to
only steeply falling
rivers and can only
drive a few
machines
Creative Solution:
Steam power with
central power drives
Power
How did the steam engine
evolve?
Power situation before the
industrial revolution:
Creative Solution: Water power
Animal power
Problem: Not enough animals
Problem: Not enough steep rivers
Creative Solution: Steam Power
Power
Situation: Iron industry expanding
to make the used machines in the
factories
Problem: Iron needs fuel and the
wood supply is nearly gone
Creative Solution: Coal
Problem: Water in the bottom of
coal mines
Creative Solution: Water pumps
Power
Problem: Cant use
animal or water power to
pump out the water
Solution: Newcomen
steam engine
Problem: Poor efficiency
Solution: Separate
condenser Watt
engine
Energy and Transportation
Problem:Navigable
riversnotdeepenough
duringdryseason
Solution:Canals
Problem:Canalsdont
goeverywhere
Solution:Railroads
Railroads
England vs. Continental Europe
Per Capita Levels of Industrialization
1750
1800
1830
1860
1880
1900
1913
Great Britain
10
16
25
64
87
100
115
Belgium
9
10
14
28
43
56
88
USA
4
9
14
21
38
69
126
France
9
9
12
20
28
39
59
Germany
8
8
9
15
25
52
85
Austria
7
7
8
11
15
23
32
Italy
8
8
8
10
12
17
26
Russia
6
6
7
8
10
15
20
China
8
6
6
4
4
3
3
India
7
6
6
3
2
1
2
Reference:
GB in 1900
EnglandsStagnation
English manufacturers sold to their empire
at a protected price
Germany and the U.S. had to compete to
get business
Continuous improvement drove their
manufacturing
Therefore, England fell behind because they
didnt continue to improve
Manufacturing Negatives
Poorworking/housing
conditions
Childrensuppliedlabor
DissentAgainstTechnology
Luddites
Handicraftsmenreplacedbymachine
Organizedtostopindustrialization(saboteurs)
Canorshouldtechnologybestopped?
Technology
Short term: A technology is introduced to
solve a problem in society
Medium term: Problems with the
technology become evident
Long term: The technology is changed to
correct the problems
Discussion
Howdowecontroltechnologywithout
stiflingprogress?
Long view
Broad thinking
Ethics
Creativity
Discussion
Doyouloveorhatetechnology?
Iscomplexitygood?
Iscomplexityinevitable?
Complexity
"Complexitycreatesunpredictability.Themorecomplexa
system,themoredifficultitistounderstandallthe
differentwaysthesystemmaybehaveand,inparticular,
toanticipateallthedifferentwaysitmayfail.
Interdependenceamongpartscreatesentirelynewways
thatthingscangowrong,waysthatengineersoften
overlookorignore."
Pool,Robert,BeyondEngineering,OxfordUniversity
Press,1997,p.131.
Thank You
Manufacturingcreativity