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Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
?3. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????????????????????????????????????? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ??? ? ? ,? ? ,? ? ?? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ?,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????300 ~?????MgCr2O4-TiO2 ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
8.3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????8.2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????? 8.2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 8.3.1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
2. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,?600 ~ 900 C ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
3. MOSFET ? ? ? ? ? ?????????????????????MOSFET ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ,????????????MOSFET ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? N? ? P ? ? ? ? ,N ? ? MOSFET ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? 8.54 ? ? ? ? ? ? P
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
8.3.5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ?SnO2 ? ZnO ? Fe2O3 ? ? ? ? ?????1. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? SnO2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? 8.55 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
8.4? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? : ? ?? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ?? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
? 8.3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( 8.42 ) ? ? ? , ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ic ? ? ? ?? ? B? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? InSn ? ? ? ? HT2,? ? ? ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
3. ? ? ? ? (SMD) ??????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ????? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ( ? ? ? ) ? ,? ? ?? ( ? ? ? ) ? ? ? ? ,? ?? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? 8.68 SMD ? ? ? ? 8.69 SMD ? ? ? ? ? ??????????
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
2. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 8.77 ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? RM1 ? RM2 ? ? ?? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ,RM1=RM2, ? R1=R2, ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,?? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? RM1 ? RM2 ? ?? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
? 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9.1 ? ? ? ? ? 9.2 ? ? ? ? ? ? 9.3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9.4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9.1?9.1.1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9.1 ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? xmax ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rmax, ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
9.2 ? ? ? ? ? ? 9.2.1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? 9.6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? 9.6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? A? t? ? ? ,? ?? ? ? ? ? b? ? ? h? ? ? ? ? ? ??
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
9.3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ?? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ,? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? 9.11 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Rf,?U xf = U maxRx R f
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
9.4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9.4.1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 360 ? ?? ? ? 9.14 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?5 ~ 200mm ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? 50C, ?? ? ? ? 98 % (t = 20C), ? ? ? 300Hz? ? ? ? ? ? ? 300m/s2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
? 10 ? Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10.1 Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10.2 ? ? Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10.3 ? ? ? ? ? ? 10.4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10.5 ? ? Z ? ? ? ? 10.1 Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??10.1.1 ? ? ? 1993 ? ? ? , Z ? ? ( Z ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? V . D . Zotov ? 20? ? 80 ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
10.2? ? Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 40 ~ 60cm, ? ? ? 50 m ? N ? ? ? ? , ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Al ? ? ? ? ? PN ? ,? ? ? AuCl4H2O ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Au? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ?? ? ? ? ? ? Ni ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ?? , ? , ?? ? ? ? Z ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
10.3? ? ? Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?10.2 ? ? ? ? ? ? 10.2(a) ? Z ? ? ? ?? , ? , ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10.2(b) ? Z? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ?? , ?? 10.2(c) ? Z ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ?? , ?? ? A/ D? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? 10.2 ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
10.4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?10.4.1 ? ? ? ? ? ?Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Z ? ? ?? , ? ? ? 2 ? (? 3 ? )? ? ? ? ? ,? ,? ,? , ?? ? ? ? ? ? Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10.2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ,Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ?RL ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
F ? ? ? ? ? ? ? UTh ? ? ?? ? Uf, ? ? ? ? ? ? U-I ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( F? ? ? ? ?Rbb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? U-I ? ? ? ?? ? ? ) ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? , ? , ?? ? Uth ? , F ? ? ? ? ? ? , F ? ? ?? ? ? ? Uf, ? ? ? ? ; ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? Uf ? , Z
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
? 11 ? ? ? ? ? ? 11.1 ? ? ? ? ? ? 11.2 ? ? ? ? ? ? 11.3 ? ? ? ? 11.4 ? ? ? ? ? 11.5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 11.1 ? ? ? ? ? ? 11.1.1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
11.2 ? ? ? ? ? ?11.2.1 ? ? ? ? ?????????????????????????,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ;? ?? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,?? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???1) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
3) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 11.12 ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? jQ( f f 0 )+?af0 fK fv = K ? ? ? A? Kff0aA 1 + jQ ()?f0 fC1 R11a = 1++ ,Q =C2 R2a KAR1C11,Q =R2C2a? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 11.13 ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
11.3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ;? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? U-I ? ? ? ? ? ?? AD694 ? ZF2B20 ? ? , ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
11.4.4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ,? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? 10ns, ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? 16mA, ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? CMOS ? ? ? ? ? ? , ?? 50~100ns, ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ?
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
11.5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? 11.32 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? AD509 ? ? ? AD509? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? AD580 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? -55~100C ?15 V
Shanghai Jiao Tong University - EE - Sensor
10 ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 11.41 ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ?? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ? ? ,? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? R? ? ? ? ? ? R? ?? ,? ? ?
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 2: Chemical Principles - Bond types, reactions, organic compoundsThe discipline of microbiology addresses the biology of a diverse group of organisms- All of these share the feature of lacking tissue organization (Tort
Rutgers - BIO - 113
MicrobiologyChemical PrinciplesOrganization of AtomsIdentity of elements is dened by number of protons, which gives theatomic numberAtomic weight is determined by number of protons plus neutrons;isotopes are atoms of the same elements with different
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 3: Macromolecules - Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acidsMuch of the organic matter of cells is found in the form of macromolecules, which are usuallypolymers formed by covalent bonding of many repeating monom
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - MacromoleculesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic AcidsGeneralized Structure of Macromolecules Polysaccharides, polypeptides (proteins), and nucleic acidsare polymers assembled by covalent linkage ofcharacteristic monomers Monomers
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 4: Prokaryotic Cell Biology - Structures external to the cell membraneThe cells of bacteria can be distinguished from those of all other forms of cellular life (fungi,protozoans, plants and animals) by their prokaryoti
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - Prokaryotic CellBiologyBacterial Surface StructuresBacterial Cell Wall StructureBacteria are ProkaryoticNote that prokaryotes arent functionally limitedStructures of Prokaryotic CellsStructures External to the Cell Wall Glycocalyx
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 5: Prokaryotic Cell Biology - Structures internal to the cell wall, comparison witheucaryotesThe plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane or prokaryotic cells is composed primarily of phospholipidsand proteins (Tortora et al. Fi
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology- BiologicalMembrane Structure andFunctionThe Fluid Mosaic Phospholipid bilayer, Hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains buried in the interior Hydrophilic head groups facing the periplasm andcytoplasm Proteins Integral proteins are part of th
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 6: Microbial Metabolism - Activities and regulation of enzymesThe term metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism.Metabolic activity can be dividied into two classes of reactions:-
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - MicrobialMetabolismOverview of MetabolismEnzyme Structure and ActivityMetabolism - The sum of chemicalreactions in a cell Catabolic reactions are used for breaking downnutrients Exergonic Often hyrolysis reactions Example: Oxidati
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 7: Microbial Metabolism - Oxidation-reduction, mechanisms of ATP generation,glycolysis, Krebs cycleThe "trick" in maintaining the energy balance required to carry out cellular metabolism is to controlthe chemical ener
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - MicrobialMetabolismPrinciples of Catabolic EnergyMetabolismGlycolysisThe Krebs CycleOxidation-Reduction ReactionsElectron carriers are involved inbiological oxidationsNAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+ when it accepts apair of electrons
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 8: Microbial Metabolism - Electron transport, chemiosmotic ATP production, fermentationIn bacteria capable of respiration, the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 can be used for further ATPsynthesis via oxidative phos
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - MicrobialMetabolismRespiration and FermentationRespiratory Electron Transport Chains A series of carrier molecules that undergo sequentialreduction and oxidation The rst carrier is reduced with electrons obtained byoxidation of an el
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 11: Microbial Genetics - Structure and function of genetic material, DNA replicationGenetics, the science of heredity, focuses on how information determining the morphology,metabolism and physiology of organisms is mai
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - MicrobialGeneticsGenome OrganizationReplicationThe Genome of Escherichia coli Genomes of eurkaryotesare usually composed ofmultiple linearchromosomes Genomes of prokaryotesare often single circularchromosomes Prokaryotes aremon
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 12: Microbial Genetics - RNA and protein synthesis, the genetic codeTranscription can be defined as the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNAfrom a DNA template (Tortora Fig 8.8)- There are three kinds of RNA is
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - MicrobialGeneticsTranscriptionTranslationThe Genetic CodeThe Process of TranscriptionThe Genetic Code The genetic code is anonoverlapping tripletcode The code is degeneratein that some aminoacids are encoded bymore than one cod
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 13: Microbial Genetics - Regulation by repression, induction and attenuationMuch of the energy provided by catabolic metabolism is needed for synthesis of proteins- This can be appreciated by consideration of some the
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - MicrobialGeneticsRegulation of Gene ExpressionModels of Induction and RepressionA great deal of a cells energy isdevoted to protein synthesis The equivalent of an ATP is expended onaddition of each nucleotide to an mRNAmolecule Add
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 14: Microbial Genetics - Types of mutations, mutagenic agents, identifying mutants andmutagensA mutation can be defined simply as a change in the base sequence of a DNA molecule- From our understanding of genetic expr
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - MicrobialGeneticsMutationA mutation is a change in base sequenceof a DNA molecule This may occur by base substitution or bylarger rearrangements - insertions,deletions, transversions By denition, a mutation changes anorganisms geno
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 15: Microbial Genetics - Genetic transfer and recombination in bacteriaGenetic recombination refers to processes by which new genetic information is provided to a cell- Genetic recombination may involve exchange of gen
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - MicrobialGeneticsGenetic transfer and recombination inbacteriaRecombination refers to changes in geneticinformation Homologousrecombinationinvolves replacementof DNA sequencewith a similarsequence Bacteria may alsoacquire addit
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 17: Viruses - Characteristics and classification of viruses, growth of viruses in thelaboratoryViruses were originally distinguished from other infectious agents by the observations that theywere able to pass through
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - VirusesCharacteristics and ClassicationThe Biology of Viruses Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites Viruses DO NOT POSSESS Energized membranes Ribosomes Metabolic enzymes Viruses are completely dependent on their hostcells
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 18: Viruses - Viral multiplication strategiesThe genome of a virus encodes relatively few proteins- Among these, of course, are the proteins that make up the virion capsid- The genome also encodes a number of viral en
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - VirusesViral Multiplication StrategiesGeneralized Viral Multiplication Steps Adsorption/Attachment: Specic attachment tohost cells due to formation of noncovalent bondsbetween a virion surface protein and a host cellreceptor Penetrat
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 19: Viruses - Effects of viruses on host cells, viruses and cancerVirus infection may be a factor in development of cancers, although it is important to note thatvirus infection is not thought to play a significant rol
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - VirusesViruses and CancerLatent Viral InfectionPrionsOncogenesis Cancers develop when cells are released fromnormal control on their division This may also involve release from the tissue in whichthe transformed cells arose, leading
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 20: Epidemiology - Normal flora, Koch's postulates, classifying infectionsPathology is the medical discipline dealing with development of disease- Pathology addresses issues of disease etiology and pathogenesis= The e
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - Principles ofInfectious DiseaseNormal MicrobiotaEtiology and EpidemiologyClassifying InfectionsPathology, Infection, and Disease Pathology deals with the scientic study ofdisease Etiology refers to the cause of a disease We are mos
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 21: Epidemiology - Spread of infection, chain of transmission, patterns of infectionInfectious diseases follow a characteristic sequence of events- Predisposing factors influence host susceptibility= Malnutrition is a
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - InfectiousDiseaseDevelopment of diseaseSpread of infectionNosocomial infectionsPredisposing Factors Gender: e.g., higher prevalence of UTI in females Genotype People heterozygous for hemoglobin S (sickle cell anemia) maybe relative
Rutgers - BIO - 113
BIOLOGY 113 - MICROBIOLOGYLecture 22: Mechanisms of Pathogenicity - Invasion, virulence factors, damage to host cellsPathogenic microorganisms gain entry into host tissues via several portals of entry- Many bacteria and viruses gain access to the body
Rutgers - BIO - 113
Microbiology - MicrobialMechanisms of PathogenicityPortals of Entry Many pathogens gain access across mucousmembranes Gastrointestinal tract Respiratory tract Genitourinary tract Parenteral access is by traumatic injury orvector transmission thro