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12 Pages

Chapter 5

Course: PSYCH 1X03, Spring 2010
School: McMaster
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Memoriesthathavelivequalityfeelingalmostasifa 1 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory Flashbulb memories personislookingataphotographofmomentlockedintime Dr.KimandPrincessDianasdeath Illustratestronginterplaybetweenattentionandmemory: werememberwhatwepayattentiontoandourattentionis shapedbywhatweremember Attentionandmemoryarecognitiveprocessescloselylinked anddeterminehowweexperienceandremembertheworld aroundus...

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Memoriesthathavelivequalityfeelingalmostasifa 1 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory Flashbulb memories personislookingataphotographofmomentlockedintime Dr.KimandPrincessDianasdeath Illustratestronginterplaybetweenattentionandmemory: werememberwhatwepayattentiontoandourattentionis shapedbywhatweremember Attentionandmemoryarecognitiveprocessescloselylinked anddeterminehowweexperienceandremembertheworld aroundus Attention WilliamJames:attentionisthetakingpossessionbythe mind,inclearandvividform,ofoneoutofwhatseem severalsimultaneouslypossibleobjectsortrainsofthought Guidedby2competingneedsof:focusinglimitedmental resourcestoimmediatetask,andmonitoringongoing stimulitoevaluatetheirpotentialsignificanceandshifting theallocationofmentalresourceswhennecessary Ex.Yourabilitytoselectivelyprocess incominginformation.Whiledriving,you changetheradiostationstoavoid advertisementswhilefocusingoncarsand trafficsignals.Youaretryingtosiftthrough thenoisetoimportantmessagesfor preferentialprocessing. Ex2.Boldwordpassageexample:yourtask wastofocusonreadingtheboldtypeto revealamessagebutyoustillprocessed someoftherestofthepassageaspartof yournormalmonitoringprocess 1 2 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory Toolsto measure attention: Cocktail PartyEffect Despitecompetingbackgroundnoises,alistenercanfocus onasinglechannelandstillpickoutrelevantsalient informationfrombackground. Ex.Coffeeshop,yourfriendtalking,other conversationsaround(turningthem down),yournameforyourorder Labequivalent:dichoticlisteningparadigm DLM:headphonesarewornandtwodifferentmessagesare playedforeachear.Subjectisaskedtoshadoworrepeat messageinattendedare.(performance:thisiseffortlessan accurate) Attentioncanbeswitchedbetweenearsatrandomor periodicintervals(flexiblecontrolofattention) Resultsshowinterlinkageofmemoryandattention Therefore,itemsselectedforattentionarebetterperceived. Andlaterrememberthanunattendeditems. Contentismorerememberedbyattended earthantheunattendedone.Howeversome infoisstillprocessedinunattendedear (vaguely).Thiscanincludetoneandpitch Differenceinlabandrealworld:inlab,only2messagesare presentedandselectionofattendeditemsisalreadymade byexperimenter Toolsto measure attention: 2 Inlab: BUP:automaticcaptureofattention Ex1.restaurant,falldown,attentionofdate capturedevenwhentherearelotsofsounds, smellsandsights 3 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory BottomUp andTop Down Processing Ex2.policesiren,phonering,firealarm TDP:selectiveindirectingattention Ex1.always,keysonfrontdesk,helpswhen rushing,donthavetoascanofthewhole room,purposelydirectsearchtofrontdesk wherekeysarefound Orientingandspatialcueingparadigm:measures theorienting(measuresshiftsinattention)using covertattending/orienting,efficiencyiftargets detectedatcuedlocations. Inhibitionofreturn:whenyouattempttoredirectto apreviouslyattendedlocationatwhichthetarget wasnotfound.Example:youlookforWaldoin crowd,youknowheswearingaredhat,youlook around,seered,itsafirehydrant,youlookaround, youdontgobacktofirehydrantlocation(IOR preventsattentionfromgoingthere) Visualsearchparadigm:howwesearchforitemsin anenvironment,istargetpresentornot 3 ORIENTING:actofattentionmovingacross scene OVERTATTENDING:whereyouare attendingisalsowhereyouarelooking COVERTATTENDING:youareattending w/olooking;invisibleshiftsinattention. Example:waitingforsomeonewhilein convowithanother,yourelookingatperson yourehavingconvow/,butyouare attendingtothedoorwhenwaiteecomes 4 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory Example:Waldo,lostincrowd,youdontknowwhat heswearing setsize:numberitemsondisplayin Experimentmeasuresperformancebyresponsetime experiment,canvaryfromtrialtotrial inrelationtosetsize Ex.Redcircleinbluecircles.Lookingfor Popouteffect:targetseemstopopoutofsetsize; red reflectsbottomupcaptureofattentionbecauseof thephysicalpropertiesoftarget,responsetotarget Ex.Redcirclesinbluecirclesandred isindependentofsetsize squares,lookingforcircleandred Conjunctivesearch:whenyouretargetissimilar Schema:acognitivesystemwhichhelpsus lookingtothesetsize,thereforeitisdifficultto organizeandmakesenseofinformation.For searchforit.Now,youhavetousesearchusing example,youmayhaveaconceptual combosoffeaturesdefinedbytarget.Responsetime frameworkordevelopedaschemathatall incw/setsize homelesspeoplearerude.Becauseofthis Contextualcueing:throughexperienceand schema,youorganizeyouractionsaroundit accumulationofknowledge,aschemacanguideyour andmorereadilylookforinformationthat search.Ex.Toastersarefoundinkitchennotin supportsthisviewwhilediscarding bathroom,foundoncounternotfloor informationthatdisagreeswiththis Contextualcueingparadigm:similartovisual perspective.Schemasexertagreatdealof searchparadigm.(Exampleinprint) influenceoverusandsometimeshinderus fromrememberingnewinformationbecause itdoesnotfitintoourcognitiveframework. 4 5 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory Unattended Items Attendeditemsarebetterrememberedthanunattended items Theinfoofunattendeditemswecollectarevaguephysical properties,someofitsmeaningalthoughwedonthave memoryofdoingso Wordmeaningofunattendeditemsmaybe processedpreattentivelyorbeforeattention isselectivelycommitted Certainstimulisuchasyournameisspecial Incocktailpartyeffect/dichoticlisteningparadigm,youcan initsabilitytoautomaticallycaptureyour pickoutsalientinfofromnoisearoundsuchasyouname, attentionirrespectiveofcurrentgoal andyoudirectyouattentiontowardsthisnoise/convo Inattentional Blindness Demonstratesourlimitedattentionprocessescanbe susceptibletomissingoutimportant/salientinfo/things Change Blindness Evenwhenyouarelookingforachangeyoumightnotseeit Showshowattentionperceiveschange Ex.SimonandChabrisblackgorilla Thereisanoriginalscene.Thensubjectisshownanother Ittakesalongtime,evenmoreifitwasthe scenethatismodified.Thereisaninterveningblankscreen peripheries flickeringasimagesswitch.Subjectisaskedtoidentify change. Fasteratdetectingchangeisweknowwhichpartofthe suspiciousitem 6 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory imageischanging 5 Ex.Cardriversayscyclistcameoutof nowhere,officermissesoutonanobvious Fasteratdetectingchangeifinterveningblankscreenis removed StroopTask: Whichactionsrequireattentionandwhichdonot? Practicehelpstoautomatecomplexactionssotheycanbe executedwithlittleattention Stroopparadigm:differentcolouredtexts Whencolormatchestext:congruent(moreswiftanswer, automaticallyreadwordnomatterthecolor) Whencolordoesntmatchtext:incongruent(slower,error prone,suppressautomatictendencytoreadword,less interferencefromwordreadingmeanscontrolover automaticprocess) Modelsof Attention What attention wouldlook likeifitwere concrete? 6 Attentionasaspotlight Enhancesthings Spotlightonastagemovesyourattention,youare moreawareofwhatisgoingoninthespotlightthan outsideit ExplainsPosner'sspatialcueingtaskresultwell Limited,can'texplainotherscenarios Attentionasafilter Drivingacar,reading Readingisautomaticthatitcanactually overridegoaldirectedprocesses(youcannot ignorewordsevenifyoutryto) 7 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory Onlyallowscertaininfotopassontoconscious awareness Physicalcharacteristicsofsensoryinfoarebriefly storedandinitiallyanalyzed Incominginfoencountersbottleneck(selects,basedon physicalcharacteristics,onlyalimitedamountofinfo forfurtherprocessing Earlyselectiontheory:(Broadbent)filtersinfoout earlyandbeforeitcanbeanalyzedsemantically Goodforempiricalevidence Dichoticlisteningtask:whereparticipantsnoticed changesinthephysicalpropertiesofunattended messagesbutinitsmeaning.SupportedEStheoryof attentionprocessingwiththeunattendedinfobeing filteredoutpriortosemanticprocessing Humansareinformationprocessors(cognitivepsych) Isnotsupportedbycocktailpartyeffectwhereyour nameorotherinfocanstillberecognizedfroman unattendedchannelb/caccordingtotheory,it'snot possibleforsemanticaspectsofanyunattendedinfo 7 8 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory tocaptureattention Whycandatafromunattendedchannelbemeaningfully processed?(Treisman)attenuationtheory(leakyfilter model) Unattendedinfoisnotcompletelyfilteredoutbut attenuated(turneddown) Therearediffassignedweightingsdependingon whetherinfoissimilar(moreheavilyweighted)ornot (sendaweakersignaltotarget Unattendedinfocantriggerifinfoissemantically relevant/similartotargetrecognition Ex."money"interpretedto"banks"tomeanfinancial institution Lateselectionmodel(latestagefiltermodel):filter comesatalaterstage,whenallincominginfohas beenanalyzed(physicallyandsemantically),dueto limitedprocessingcapacity,onlyselectedinfocanbe maintainedandunselectedinfofades Memory 8 Encoding:reflectshowinfoinitiallyentersintomemory, 9 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory selectiveprocess,dependentonattention,cuesbecome integrated Storage:howrecordofmemoryismaintainedovertime (recordisnotfixed,ismodifiable) Retrieval:actofrecoveringstoredinfo,dependenton retrievalcues(keypeiceofinfothathaspotentialto activateamemory) Multistore model Memoryismadeupofsensorymemory,shorttermmemory, longtermmemory Sensory memory Snapshotofenvironmentbrieflymaintainedandthen replacedbynext Conceptualizesmemoryprocesses Transientmaintenanceofperceptualandphysicalinfofrom veryrecentpast Participantscanrecallphysical(sensory)characteristicsof unattendedthings Notlimitedbyattention,sohaslargecapacity Iconicmemory:visualinfopresentedbyvisualsystem Echoicmemory:auditoryinfopresentedbyauditorysystem 9 10 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory Decaysatafastrate Shortterm (working) memory Furtherprocessing;requiresattention Selectedinfoisheldforashortperiodoftimebutnotstored permanently(2differentprocesses) Whenunrehearsed,infoheldfor20s Whenrehearsed,infomaintainedforlongerperiodsoftime Limitedcapacity Chunking:incamountofinfomaintained;processbywhich infoisorganizedintosmallersetsoffamiliargroupsor categoriesofitems,youimposestructureontheinfogiven intomoremanageablebits,inccapacityofshortterm memory Longterm memory infocanbecopiedfromshorttermtolongtermdepending ontherehearsalofthatinfo,orelaborateencodingconcepts thataremorecloselyrelatedaremoredirectlyconnected Infocangofromlongtermtoshortterm(dependenton effectivenessofitsretrievalcueestablishedatencoding) Schemas:whenweexpectcertainthingstobepartofan environmentandwerememberthemasbeingthere,when 10 Ex.Dialarehearsednumber,friendasks question,youanswer,forgetnumber 11 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory infacttheyarenot...Thesearementalframeworksfor interpretingtheworldaroundusbasedonpriorexperiences Affectof rehearsalfor aMultistore Memory Model Recallparadigm:participantsstudyalistofrandomwords presentedoneatatime.Theyareaskedtorecallthewords inanyorder Primacyeffect:greaterrecallforfirstfewwordspresented inthelist,retrievalofwordsfromlongtermmemory Recencyeffect:lastfewwordspresented,readoutofshort termmemory Ifpresentedwithdisruption,primacyeffectissame(b/cof longtermeffect)butrecencyeffectisdiminished(short termmemorywasrehearsedisquicklyforgotten) Canenhancerehearsal,longtermmemoryandprimacy effect:byslowingthepresentationofeachword Levelsof Processing Memoryisnotsubdividedintoseparatestores Encoding specificity Whenweencodeanitem,theitemisnotprocessedin 11 Memoryisacontinuum isolation,buttogetherwithsurroundingcontext(physical environmentwheretheitemispresentedorinternalor Deeperlevel(moreattention,more elaboration,longerlastingmemorytrace)vs. Shallowlevel Ex.Ifscubadiverswereaskedtostudyalist underwater,theywouldbeabletoremember morewordsunderwaterthaninanyother 12 Chapter6:AttentionandMemory mentalstateatencoding) Rateof Forgetting 12 Forgetting:whenwelosetheabilitytoretrievepreviously storedinfo,whenmemoriesfadewithtime environment Ex.Infoencodedundertheinfluenceof marijuanaisbestrecalledinthesamedrug state Ebbinhaus'forgettingcurve
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