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K4-3%20Tenses-exerc-1

Course: GERM 433, Spring 2011
School: UBC
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433 Germ A. Obrien Kapitelgruppe 4 3 (pp. 211) Tenses Notes bung Lutherstdte - von Wittenberg nach Eisenach | Video des Tages (5 min) (in German) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCJbwGhZNtg&feature=related TEXT: Gottes Speise (p. 212) annotated below Perfekt (the perfect tense): Function The Perfekt is used primarily as a tense to relate past-time events in conversational German. You will also find it...

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433 Germ A. Obrien Kapitelgruppe 4 3 (pp. 211) Tenses Notes bung Lutherstdte - von Wittenberg nach Eisenach | Video des Tages (5 min) (in German) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCJbwGhZNtg&feature=related TEXT: Gottes Speise (p. 212) annotated below Perfekt (the perfect tense): Function The Perfekt is used primarily as a tense to relate past-time events in conversational German. You will also find it in (news) reports and in letters rather than in narratives. It expresses that events, which began or happened in the past may continue on, or be relevant for the present or the future. The Imperfekt, in contrast, marks events that are clearly terminated in the past. Die Eltern haben den Jungen in den Wald geschickt. The parents have sent the boy into the forest. Die Nacht hat den Jungen berfallen. The night has come over the boy. In der Nacht ist ein groer Schnee herabgekommen. During the night there was a big snow storm. The Perfekt is a compound tense (you know this from the English perfect tense as well) that is, it is a combination of an auxiliary or helping verb with a past participle (has gone). As you can see from the above examples it employs the present tense of the auxiliary, usually haben and occasionally sein with the past participle of the verb; one can summarize the structure of this tense as follows: Perfekt = Present tense of Auxiliary + Past Partticiple. Analysis of the past participle of weak verbs and irregular weak (mixed) verbs Past participles are invariable: each verb has only one past participle; no endings are added to the past participle. Identifying past participles is very simple for weak verbs and irregular weak 1 (mixed) verbs: If you see a form with the prefix ge- and the suffix (e)t it is probably a past participle of a weak verb or an irregular weak (mixed) verb. schicken: ge + schick + t = geschickt fragen: hren: ge + frag + t = gefragt ge + hr + t = gehrt The form of a past participle can be summarized in a simple formula as follows: ge + [verb stem] + (e)t = past participle Between the prefix ge- and the suffix -(e)t you will find the stem of the verb this is important to know when you dont know the word and you want to look it up in the dictionary. You then have to transform the stem into the infinitive (as you already know: take the stem and add the -en); then you can look up the infinitive in the dictionary. To summarize the process: You find the past participle gehrt -> You separate the participle in its components: ge+hr+t You take the stem hr and add the -en to get the infinitive. You identify the cognate to hear. The t at the end is called a tense marker and indicates that we are relating past-time events; all verbs that are known as weak verbs or irregular weak (mixed) verbs employ this tense marker t when forming past tenses. Here are a few more examples for weak verbs: geglaubt = ge + glaub + t; Infinitiv: glauben (to believe): gesetzt = ge + setz + t; Infinitiv: setzen (to set) gearbeitet = ge + arbeit + et; Infinitiv: arbeiten (to work) Analysis of the past participle of irregular weak (mixed) verbs 2 gedacht = ge + dach + t; Infinitiv: denken (to think) gekannt = ge + kann + t; Infinitiv: kennen (to know a person, place, thing) genannt= ge + nann + t; Infinitiv: nennen (to name) Past participles of mixed verbs show an additional stem change. How can you find the meaning of a verb in a dictionary, when its past participle has a stem vowel change? Here is one way to go about it: After you have formed the infinitive of that verb try to change a vowel in the stem and see if this gives an infinitive, which is in the dictionary and which makes sense in the context it occurs. Or to be sure you look for the past participle form in a list of irregular verbs and find the correct infinitive. You can find this list in any German grammar book or online grammar (for example on http://www.iee.et.tudresden.de/~wernerr/grammar/verben_dt.html) Analysis of the past participle of strong verbs Strong verbs are verbs that do not employ a tense marker for past tense forms; instead they basically rely on a stem vowel change to indicate past-time events and they always end in -en. The formula for these verbs is: ge + stem (of past part.) + en = past participle Here are some examples: geblieben = ge + blieb + en; Infinitiv: bleiben (to remain, to stay): gesessen = ge + sess + en; Infinitiv: sitzen (to sit) gegessen = ge + gess + en; Infinitiv: essen (to eat) gesehen = ge + seh + en; Infinitiv: sehen (to see) gelesen = ge + les + en; Infinitiv: lesen (to read) From the above examples, it can be seen that a fair number of the past participles of these strong verbs simply look like the infinitive with a ge- in front of it. 3 Special past participles Finally there are a few special past participles, which deviate slightly from the above pattern. 1. In the case of separable verbs, the ge- prefix is inserted between the separable prefix and the stem of the past participle. Examples: ausgegangen = aus + ge + gang + en; Infinitiv: ausgehen mitgekommen = mit + ge + komm + en; Infinitiv: mitkommen zugehrt = zu + ge + hr + t; Infinitiv: zuhren If you want to see an animated Power Point Prsentation about the Perfect tense and the formation of past participles, go to http://webgerman.com/Animated/index.html and choose the link for Present Perfect. 2. Past participles of verbs with an inseparable prefix like ver, zer, be, emp, unter, ber dont have the ge- prefix either. Examples: verstanden: past participle of verstehen unterschrieben: past participle of unterschreiben 3. Past participles of verbs ending in -ieren (e.g., studieren, fotografieren, trainieren, etc.) dont have the ge- prefix; thus studiert is the past participle of studieren, fotografiert the one of fotografieren, etc. Auxiliaries and location of the past participle in main clauses In German the auxiliary verbs haben und sein are used both to form the Perfekt. Haben is used for most verbs, but some are also used with sein. As far as word order is concerned the auxiliary is occurs in second position but the past participles occur at the end of main clauses. This is something to keep in mind when reading German texts and usually requires reading German sentences until the end before one tries to understand whats going on. 4 Otherwise one may miss an important part of the action if one just reads the beginning of a sentence. Endlich haben die Eltern den Jungen an einem sonnigen Hgel gefunden. Finally the parents have found the boy at a sunny hill. Brderchen und Schwesterchen sind alleine in den Wald gegangen. Little brother and little sister went alone into the forest. Die bse Stiefmutter ist den Kindern in den Wald gefolgt. The evil stepmother has followed them into the forest. Martin Luther hat in den Tischreden die Menschen seiner Zeit beschrieben. Martin Luther has described in the table talks the people of his time. bung: Identify and mark the perfect tense in the sentences. Give also the infinitive of the past participles. Example: Die Kinder haben eine bse Stiefmutter gehabt. Haben; gehabt; haben 1. Die Kinder sind in den Wald gelaufen. _________________________________________________ The children have run into the forest. 2. Ihre Stiefmutter ist eine Hexe gewesen. _________________________________________________ Their stepmother ( has been) was a witch. 3. Sie hat alle Bche vergiftet. _________________________________________________________ She has poisoned all brooks. 4. Martin Luther hat die Bibel ins Deutsche bersetzt. ______________________________________ Martin Luther has translated the bible into German 5. Er hat die Menschen seiner Zeit beobachtet. ____________________________________________ He has observed the people of his time. 6. Eltern hatten den Jungen ihn nach einigen Tagen unverletzt gefunden. ________________________ 5 The parents had found the boy (him) unharmed after a few days. Plusquamperfekt (the past perfect tense) Another form of past tense is the so-called Plusquamperfekt also referred as to the past perfect tense. This tense is very much like the perfect tense, except that the Prteritum of the auxiliaries sein and haben are used. One can summarize the past perfect as follows: Plusquamperfekt = Prteritum of auxiliary + past participle As for the Perfekt, you will find the conjugated verb form of auxiliary in the second position and the past participle at the end of the main clauses. Die bse Stiefmutter war den Kindern in den Wald gefolgt. Dort vergiftete sie die Bche. The evil stepmother had followed the children into the forest. There she poisoned the brooks. Der Junge hatte zwei Tage im Wald verbracht. Dann fanden ihn die Eltern. The boy had spent two days in the forest. Then the parents found him. The Function of the Prteritum and Plusquamperfekt The Prteritum is very often used as a narrative tense. The past perfect tense complements the Prteritum in much the same way as the Perfekt does the present tense: it relates events that happened before a main time-line. Here is an example: Die Stiefmutter aber war eine bse Frau. Sie war eine Hexe. Sie war den Kindern in den Wald gefolgt und hatte alle Bche im Wald vergiftet. Als die Kinder nun ein Bchlein fanden, hrten sie es sagen The Plusquamperfekt is frequently used in nachdem and similar clauses. Am dritten Tag, nachdem der Schnee zum Teil abgeflossen war, sind sie hinausgegangen, den Jungen zu suchen. 6 Exercise: Identify in the text Gottes Speise all verbs in past tense, list them in the chart, indicate the tense, give the infinitive and the English meaning of the verb. Gottes Speise Nicht weit von Zwickau im Voigtland hat sich in einem Dorf zugetragen ( hat sich zugetragen) has happened) , da die Eltern ihren Sohn, einen Jungen, in den Wald geschickt hatten, um die Ochsen heimzutreiben, die dort auf die Weide gegangen waren. Als aber der Junge sich etwas versptet hatte, hat ihn die Nacht berfallen. In der selben Nacht ist auch ein groer tiefer Schnee herabgekommen, der berall die Berge bedeckt hat, so da der Junge wegen des Schnees nicht aus dem Wald gelangen konnte. Und als er auch den folgenden Tag nicht heimgekommen ist, haben sich die Eltern sehr viel Sorgen gemacht: nicht so sehr ber die Ochsen als vielmehr ber den Jungen. Aber sie konnten doch nicht wegen des groen Schnees in den Wald gehen. Am dritten Tag, nachdem der Schnee zum Teil abgeflossen war, sind sie hinausgegangen, den Jungen zu suchen. Endlich haben sie ihn an einem sonnigen Hgel gefunden, an dem gar kein Schnee gelegen hatte. Als die Eltern den Jungen gefragt hatten, warum er nicht heimgekommen ist, hat er geantwortet, da er nicht gewut hatte, da schon ein Tag vergangen war. Zudem war ihm auch kein Leid geschehen. Da man ihn auch gefragt hat, ob er etwas gegessen hatte, hat er berichtet, ein Mann ist zu ihm gekommen, der ihm Kse und Brot gegeben hat. Zweifellos hat ein Engel Gottes diesen Jungen gespeist und erhalten. Source: Luther, Martin. Gottes Speise. Tischreden. Mnchen: Kaiser, 1934, Seite 90b, 91a. 7 Verb form Tense Infinitive English equivalent. The future tense Another compound tense in German is the Futur. It also includes an auxiliary or helping verb and another verb form. The auxiliary for the Futur is the verb werden. Die Eltern werden ihren Sohn in den Wald Die Eltern werden ihren Sohn nach ein paar Tagen Die Wirtschaftslage wird sich bald Die Preise im kommenden Jahr werden schicken. wiederfinden. verbessern . 8 steigen. To form a verb in the future tense , you will find the conjugated verb form of the auxiliary (werden) in the second position and the other verb form (in the infinitive) at the end of the main clauses. A useful formula that summarizes this tense very aptly: Futur = present of werden + infinitive. Modal verbs have the same word order, where the infinitive of the verb occurs at the end of a main clause, see chapter 3 of chapter group 3. The above examples express, that something will happen, i. e. parents will send their son in the forest; they will find him again; the economy will improve etc. Note that the German verb werden has in this context exactly the same function as the English will. bung: Review - Identify the future tense forms Identify and mark the Futur tense in the following sentences. Example: Berlin wird in den nchsten Jahren noch grer werden. Answer: wird, werden 1. Berlins Wirtschaft wird sich in den nchsten Jahren verndern. __________________________ 2. Die Branche der Biotechnologie und der Dienstleistungssektor werden wichtiger werden. __________________________ 3. Im Frhjahr wird der nchste Karneval der Kulturen die Berliner auf die Straen bringen. ____________________________________________ 4. Im kommenden Jahr wird das Internationale Literaturfestival Autoren und Leser vereinen. __________________________________________ 9 Uses of the Futur The major function of the future tense is to indicate that certain events will occur in the future. When dealing with the Prsens, we have seen that it, too, can be used to indicate future events when used in conjunction with adverbs of time. What is the difference between: a) Franz kommt morgen. b) Franz wird morgen kommen. or a) Die Studenten gehen heute Abend nicht in die Vorlesung. b) Die Studenten werden heute Abend nicht in die Vorlesung gehen. In both examples the second statement emphasizes the probability of his coming; of them not going (very likely) whereas the first presupposes 100% certainty of the event coming to pass. Furthermore, probability is such an important aspect of the Futur, that it can also be used to express assumptions of events that are occurring in the present. Sie wird wohl arbeiten. - She is probably working. Der Junge wird mde sein. The boy is probably tired. Es wird wohl schon spt sein. It is probably late. The above statements do not deal with the future at all but expresses the belief that she is working at this very moment, that the boy is tired at this very moment and that is already late (at this very moment). The fact that probability is implied can additionally be emphasized by the word wohl (probably). Lutherstdte - von Wittenberg nach Eisenach | Video des Tages (5 min) (in German) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCJbwGhZNtg&feature=related 10 Gottes Speise (p. 212) Lutherhaus: http://www.lutherhaus-eisenach.de/ Nicht weit von Zwickau im Voigtland (Federal State: Saxony) hat sich in einem Dorf zugetragen, (has happened) da die Eltern ihren Sohn, einen Jungen, in den Wald (into the forest) geschickt hatten, (send) um die Ochsen heimzutreiben, die dort auf die Weide gegangen waren (went to the medows). Als aber der Junge sich etwas versptet hatte (running late), hat ihn die Nacht berfallen (the night came over him). In der selben Nacht ist auch ein groer tiefer Schnee herabgekommen (there was a heavy snow fall) , der berall (everywhere) die Berge bedeckt hat, so da der Junge wegen des Schnees (due to/because of the snow) nicht aus dem Wald gelangen konnten (could not get out). Und als er auch den folgenden Tag nicht heimgekommen ist, haben sich die Eltern sehr viel Sorgen gemacht (the parents were worried): nicht so sehr ber die Ochsen als vielmehr ber den Jungen. Aber sie konnten doch nicht wegen des groen Schnees in den Wald gehen. Am dritten Tag, nachdem der Schnee zum Teil abgeflossen war, (had partially melted) sind sie hinausgegangen, den Jungen zu suchen (to search the boy). Endlich haben sie ihn an einem sonnigen Hgel gefunden (found), an dem gar kein Schnee gelegen hatte. Als die Eltern den Jungen gefragt hatten, warum er nicht heimgekommen ist, hat er geantwortet, da er nicht gewut hatte (he had not known), da schon ein Tag vergangen war. Zudem war ihm auch kein Leid (harm) geschehen. Da man ihn auch gefragt hat, ob er etwas gegessen hatte, hat er berichtet, ein Mann ist zu ihm gekommen, der ihm Kse und Brot gegeben hat. Zweifellos (without doubt) hat ein Engel Gottes diesen Jungen gespeist (to feed) und erhalten (to preserve). Source: Luther, Martin. Gottes Speise. Tischreden. Mnchen: Kaiser, 1934, Seite 90b, 91a. 11
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Lecture notes
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Lecture 6 - Derivation of Supply CurveTuesday, October 04, 201110:06 AMQty produced Price = $35 Price = $70 Price = $100Assumption about firm's behavior Apply to general economics rule:People0 Profits = total revenue - total costs Total revenue =
Stanford - ECON - 1A
Lecture 5 - Derivation of Demand CurveSunday, October 02, 201110:02 PMPrice of grapes"Willingness to pay" approach How much x to buy at different prices of x when wecan buy anything else (grapes vs. bananas,blueberries, kiwis, etc.)Qty of grapes D
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Lecture 4 - Using Supply and DemandSunday, October 02, 20118:07 PMPrice controls (by gov't) Price ceiling: sets max allowable price for a good -> shortage (if lower than EQ price) Price floor: sets min allowable price for a good -> surplus (if higher
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Lecture 3 - The Supply and Demand ModelWednesday, September 28, 201110:04 AM Supply *Relationship between price and quantity supplied Describes behavior of firms Upward sloping Shifts of curve vs. mvmts along curve Shift to right = supply increase
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Lecture 2Tuesday, September 27, 201110:05 AMProduction Possibilities table Choice btwn more movies, computers More movies -> fewer computers (the opportunity cost ofproducing 100 rather than 0 is a 1000 computers) Notice: increasing rate of opportu
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Lecture 1Tuesday, September 27, 201112:38 AMWhat is the basic idea at the center of econ? choice, scarcity, interaction People make choices with scarce resources and, indoing so, interactWhy does scarcity imply a choice among alternatives? People
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Ch. 13 RQSunday, December 11, 201112:47 PM1. What are fringe benefits? How significant a part of avg pay are they in the U.S.?2. Why is it important to distinguish btwn real wages and nominal wags? What about btwn hourlywages and weekly wages?3. Why
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Ch. 12 RQ, RSunday, December 11, 201112:43 PMREVIEW Main gov't actions constituting antitrust policy: breaking up monopolies, preventing mergers thatwould create too much mkt power, and enforcing laws against price fixing Aim to incr competition to
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Ch. 11 RTuesday, October 18, 20113:16 PM Model of monopolistic competition: characterized by many firms selling differentiated products in an industry with freeentry and exit A hybrid btwn competitive firm and monopoly Product of e/ firm is slightly
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Ch. 10 R, RQMonday, October 17, 20118:52 PMReview Monopoly is when one firm is the sole producer for a product with no close substitutes Monopolies have market power to affect the market price D curve of monopoly is same as market D curve MR < P at
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Ch. 10 KPMonday, October 17, 20118:42 PMKey points A monopoly occurs when only one firm sells a product for which there are no close substitutes. A monopolist possesses market power it can lower the mkt price by producing more It can raise the mkt
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Ch. 9 RMonday, October 17, 20119:16 PMReview Profit potential -> firm entry/exit Positive econ profits -> new firms enter Negative econ profits -> firms exit Long run competitive equil: indiv firms makezero econ profits (P = ATC), no entry or exit
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Lecture 36 - Fiscal PolicyTuesday, December 06, 201110:07 AMAggregate demand and consumption Rcl: agg d can be obtained by adding up spending: C + I + G + X Y=C+I+G+X Watch out: C depends on Y b/c Y is income too (consumptiondepends on income) E.g
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Lecture 35 - Monetary PolicyMonday, December 05, 201110:09 AMBASIC IDEA OF THEORY OF ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS Departures of real GDP from potential GDPEconomic Fluctuations What causes EFs when real GDP fallsbelow or rises above potential GDP? What c
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Lecture 34 - MoneyFriday, December 09, 20114:53 PMSix central banks:European Central Bank,Bank of England, Bankof Japan, Bank ofCanada, Swiss NationalBank, Federal ReserveTHREE FUNCTIONS OFMONEY Medium ofexchange Store of value Unit of accou
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Lecture 33 - Productivity & Economic Growth IIFriday, December 09, 20115:11 PMHelpful hints on growth rates Growth rate of x:g= Avg. annual growth rate over several yearsg=(where n = #years)What about quarterly data? Still want to express growth
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Lecture 32 - Productivity and Economic GrowthTuesday, November 29, 201110:09 AMProductivity growth over 300 years, no growth 'till1785, but increased after Industrial RevolutionLecture 6 slide 13: production function for one firmoutput = F(labor) or
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Lecture 31 - Introduction to MacroeconomicsMonday, November 28, 20118:51 AMMACRO (big picture!) Topics Economic growth Economic fluctuations Variables GDP Unemployment Inflation rate Interest rate Monetary policy Fiscal policy Requires a mod
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Midterm II ReviewTuesday, November 15, 20117:22 PMMonopolistic competitionGame theoryDuopolyRegulation, AntitrustDuopolyP = a-bQ(total)Q(total) = q1 + q2Profit = pq1 - cq1Q1 = (a-c)/2b - q2/2If a = 20, b = 2, c = 8, NE?Q1 = 3 - q2/2; q1 = q2
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Lecture 30 - Trade Policy: Strategy TacticsSaturday, December 10, 20113:39 PMARGUMENTS MADE AGAINST FREE TRADE Infant industry argument, nat'l security argument (previous lecture) Other countries are subsidizing their firms/industries But they are g
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Lecture 29 - International Trade PolicySaturday, December 10, 201112:39 AMWHAT ABOUT DIFFERENT CURRENCIES? Examples suggested that everything was priced indollars Need to show how the analysis goes through withforeign currenciesDETERMINING THE PRI
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*Lecture 22 - Externalities and Public GoodsWednesday, November 02, 201110:28 AMGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONPUBLIC GOODS Two key properties Non-rivalry in consumption If I consume more, others do not need to consume less Non-excludability You cannot p
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*Lecture 21 - Transfers and Income DistributionTuesday, November 01, 201110:07 AMENTITLEMENTS TODAY About half of senior citizens in U.S. get entitlements More than half of American children live in households receivingsome federal assistance 80% o
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Lecture 20 - Tax PolicySunday, December 11, 201112:03 PMTypes of taxes Personal income tax (all types of income) Payroll tax (15.3% of wage and salary income) Social security (employee pays 6.2%, up to$106,800; same for employer) Medicare (employe