federalism,whichisthe
divisionofpowerbetweenthenationalandstategovernments.
*Itisasystem,acomplexwholemadeupofinterdependentpartswhoseactionsareollingCrimearresting,prosecuting,convictingandpunishing
*TheCriminalJusticeSystemisbasedontheconceptof Exam1:StudyGuide
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CriminalJustice:
GoalsofCriminalJusticeSystem
1.PreventingCrimepolice,courtsandcorrectionstodetercrime.
2.DoingJusticerulesandproceduresthatprotectfairnessandprinciple
3.Contr
directedtowardgoalsandinfluencedbytheenvironmentwhichtheyfunction.(includes
police,courts,correections)
Characteristics:
1)Discretionseebelow
2)ResourceDependenceamongagencies
3)SequentialTasksstepsinthesystem
4)Filteringscreeningcases
Categoriesinclude:
1)Police
2)Court
3)Corrections
Crime:
OrdinaryCrimeorVisibleCrime,isoftencalledastreetcrimebecauseitistheone
mostupsettingtothepublic.Extraordinaryistheopposite(somethingthatisless
common)
CrimeThecommissionoromissionoftheaccused.
Thereisnoconsensusonhowtodealwiththeproblemsofcrimebecauseitisbasedon
policyandpolicychoices.
Law:
Theideologyofthelawisasetofvaluessupportiveofthesystemandexistingsocial
order.
Thelawisasocialprocess,interpretedandappliedinvariouscontextsbymany
differentpeople.
Government:
Governmentisaformofsocialcontrol.Themannerinwhichcrimeisfoughtisbasedon
policyandpolicychoices.(Federalism)
Deterrence:
1)Specificpreventingarepeat.
2)Generalpreventingfuturecrimes.
Thedeterrenteffecttheactionsofpolice,courts,andcorrectionsthatpunishthose
whoviolatethelawaswellasthatprovideexamplesthatwilllikelykeepotherfrom
committingwrongfulacts.
ExchangeAmutualtransferofresources:abalanceofbenefitsanddeficitsthatflow
frombehaviorbasedondecisionsaboutthevaluesandcostsofalternatives.
Discretiontheauthoritytomakedecisionswithoutreferencetospecificrulesorfacts,
usinginsteadonesownjudgment.
*Thereisnoconsensusonhowtodealwiththeproblemsofcrimebecauseofpolices
andpolicychoices.
Adjudicationdeterminingwhetherornotthedefendantisguilty
ArrestThephysicaltakingofapersonintocustodyb/chemayhavecommitteda
crime.
WarrantACourtorderauthorizingpoliceofficerstotakecertainactions,forexample,
tosearchapremise.
IndictmentAdocumentreturnedbyagrandjuryasatruebillcharginganindividual
withaspecificcrimeonthebasisofadeterminationofprobablecausepresentedbya
prosecutedattorney.
MalainSeAcrimethatisinherentlywrongwithinitself(murder,rape)
MalaProhibitaAcrimeprohibitedbythelawbutnonecessarilywrongwithin
themselves.(gambling,drugs,prostitution)
TypesofCrimes
1)VisibleCrimesViolent,Property,PublicOrderCrimes.
2)OccupationalCrimecontextoflegalbusinessorprofession
3)OrganizedCrimeframeworkfortheperpetuationofcriminalacts(ex.mob)
4)CrimesWithoutVictimsprivateexchangeofillegalgoodsandservices.
5)PoliticalCrimecriminalactsbythegovernmentoragainstthegovernment.
6)CyberCrime
CriminalLawCrimesagainstsociety.
CivilLawLawregulatingtherelationshipsbetweenoramongindividuals,usually
involvingproperty,contracts,orbusinessdisputes.
SubstantiveV.ProceduralLaw
SubstantiveLawdescribesthatlawthatdefinesactsthataresubjecttopunishment
mustfollowinenforcement,adjudication,andcorrections.
(constitutionallaw)
InsanityDefense
1)MNaghtenRuleThetestbasicallyasksthedefendantwhetherornotheknowsthe
andspecifiesthepunishmentsforsuchoffenses.(alsocalledthepenalcode)
ProceduralLawdescribeslawthatdefinestheproceduresthatcriminaljusticeofficials
natureandqualityoftheactorifheknewwhathewasdoingwaswrong,dotoadefect
ofreasoningoradiseaseofthemind.(rightfromwrongtest)
2)TheDurhamRulestatesthattheaccusedisnotcriminallyresponsibleifan
unlawfulactistheproductofmentaldiseaseormentaldefect
3)SubstantialCapacityTeststatesthatapersonisnotresponsibleforcriminal
conductifatthetimeofsuchconductasaresultofmentaldiseaseordefecthelacks
substantialcapacityeithertoappreciatethecriminalityofhisconductortoconformhis
conducttotherequirementsoflaw
BillofRights
4thAmendmentProtectsagainstunreasonablesearchandseizure
5thAmendmentRightagainstselfincrimination,doublejeopardy
6thAmendmentRighttospeedyandpublictrial,assistanceofacounsel
8thAmendmentCruelandUnusualpunishmentandExcessiveBail
14thAmendmentDueProcessClausewhichprotectspeoplesrights.
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FrankpledgeAsysteminoldEnglishlawinwhichmembersoftheTithing(agroupof
tenfamilies)pledgedtoberesponsibleforkeepingorderandbringingviolatorstocourt.
Constable/Sheriffwaschosentoservewithoutpayasthecommunitylawenforcer
Watchmen/JusticeofPeacewereappointedtohelptheconstableandspentmostof
theirtimepatrolling
BobbiesandPeelerswereofficersmembersoftheLondonPoliceforcethatwasset
upthroughtheMetropolitanPoliceAct.(agencywasorganizedlikeamilitaryunit).
PoliceSubculture
Subculturesymbols,beliefs,values,andattitudessharedbymembersofasubgroup
ofthelargersociety.
PoliceSubculture
1) WorkingPersonalityAsetofemotionalandbehavioralcharacteristics
developedbymembersofanoccupationalgroupinresponsetotheworksituation
andenvironmentalinfluences.
2) PoliceMorality
3) Isolation
4) JobStresspersonaloroccupational
LineFunctionsPolicecomponentsthatDirectlyperformfieldoperationsandcarry
outthebasicfunctionsofpatrol,investigation,traffic,vice,andjuvenile.
Policefunctions
1) Staff
2) Line
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3) Patrol
4) Investigation
5) SpecialOps
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OtherNotableTerms
1)CrimeControlvs.DueProcessModel
2)WeddingCake(4layers)celebrated,felonies,misdemeanors.
3)DualCourtSystemseparatejudicialsystemforeachstate+Natl.
4)UniformCrimeReportsVoluntaryreports(statsofcrimes)
5)NationalCrimeVictimizationSurvey(NCVS)number/typesofcrime
6)ClassicalCriminologybehaviorstemsfromfreewill.
7)PositivistCriminologypunishmentonaindividualbasis(social,biological,and
psychologicalfactors)
8)biologicalexplanationspredispositiontocrime
9)RestofTheories
10)MensreaGuiltyMindorcriminalintent
11)AttendantCircumstances
12)Actusreustheact
13)Entrapmentpoliceinducedindividualtocommitact.
14)DifferentialResponseprioritiesforpolicecalls.
15)PerformanceMeasurethroughClearanceRate.
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Articles
1):PreparingfortheFuture:CriminalJusticein2040
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