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Plant structure adaptations and responses
Course: BIOL 191, Fall 2010School: Boise State
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Word Count: 1000
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1 Structure of Plants Slide Slide 2 1. 2. 3. A. Functions of Roots Anchor & support plant in the ground Absorb water & minerals Hold soil in place Root Hairs Fibrous Roots Slide 3 B. Root Types Tap Root 1. Fibrous Roots: 2. Tap Roots larger central branching roots hold soil in place to prevent soil erosion root reaches deep water sources underground Ex. Grasses Ex. Trees, Carrots,...
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1
Structure
of
Plants
Slide Slide 2
1.
2.
3.
A. Functions of Roots
Anchor & support
plant in the ground
Absorb water &
minerals
Hold soil in place
Root Hairs
Fibrous Roots
Slide 3
B. Root Types
Tap Root
1. Fibrous Roots:
2. Tap Roots larger central
branching roots hold soil in
place to prevent soil erosion
root reaches deep water sources
underground
Ex. Grasses
Ex. Trees, Carrots, & Dandelions
Slide 4
C. The Structure of a Root
Root
Hairs
Phloem
Xylem
Meristem
Root
Cap
1. Root Hairs:
increase surface
area for water &
mineral
absorption
2. Meristem:
region where
new cells are
produced
3. Root Cap:
protects tip of
growing root
Slide 5
A. Functions of Stems
1.Support system for plant body
2.Transport system carries
water & nutrients
3.Holds leaves & branches
upright
Looking at the
Each light and dark
picture to the left:
tree ring equals one
year of annual growth.
Whatrings for fast
years had
Light
the most rain? for
spring growth, dark
slow summer growth.
What years tell of
Smaller rings
past droughts the
experienced that
h orst drought?
wave occurred.
Slide # 6
A. Functions of Leaves
1. Main photosynthetic organ
2. Broad, flat surface increases
surface area for light
absorption
3. Have systems to prevent
water loss
Stomata open in day but
close at night or when hot
to conserve water
waxy cuticle on surface
1. System of gas exchange
Allow CO2 in and O2 out of
leaf
Elephant Ear Plant
Slide # 7
B. Leaf Structures
Leaf Cross-Section
1.Cuticle: waxy layer;
covers upper surface
Cuticle
1.Veins: transports
water, nutrients and
food
Made of xylem and
phloem
1.Mesophyll: contains
cells that perform
photosynthesis
b/c they contain
Chloroplasts.
Mesophyll
Protects leaf against
water loss
Veins
Stoma
(Opening)
2 Guard
Cells
Surround
each
Stoma
Stoma- singular
Stomata-plural
Slide # 8
More Plant Parts
4. Guard cells:
cells that open
and close the
stoma
4. Stomata: openings
in leafs surface;
when open:
GAS EXCHANGE:
Allows CO2 in & O2
out of leaf
TRANSPIRATION:
Allows excess H2O
out of leaf
Guard Cells
Stoma
Slide # 9
What
goes O2
out?
Function of Stomata
What process involves
Guard Cells
Guard Cells
using CO2 and H2O releasing
H2O O2 as a waste product?
Photosynthesis
What
goes
in?
Stoma
CO2 What is the plant using this
process to make?
Stoma Open
Stoma Closed
Carbohydrates-glucose
If the plant needs water for
photosynthesis, why is water
coming out of the stoma?
Slide # 10
Function of Guard Cells
These stomata (leaf
Guard Cells
openings) naturally allow
water to evaporate out.
Guard Cells
Why would the plant close
stomata with guard cells?
Prevent excess water loss
through transpiration.
(conserveStoma Open
water)
So what is the point of
having stomata?
Allow gas exchange for
photosynthesis
Stoma Closed
Slide # 11
C. Plants find a use for Transpiration
1. Transpiration: loss
of excess water from
plant leaves
2. Significance:
a. Transpiration causes enough
pressure to help pull water
(& required nutrients) up
stem from roots.
b. As part of the water cycle,
trees transpire water back into
the atmosphere.
c. Transpiration provides much
of the daily rain in rainforest.
A
B
A average size maple tree can
transpire liters 200 of water
per hour during the summer.
Transpiration is the #1 driving
force for pulling water up
stems from roots.
Slide # 12
Structure of a Flower
1.Pistil:female reproductive
structure
a.Stigma: sticky tip; traps
pollen
b.Style: slender tube;
transports pollen from
stigma to ovary
c.Ovary: contains ovules;
ovary develops into fruit
d.Ovule: contains egg
cell which develops into
a seed when fertilized
Stamen
Anther
Filament
Ovule
Stigma
Pistil
Style
Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Slide # 13
Structure of a Flower
2.Stamen: male
reproductive structure
a.Filament: thin stalk;
supports anther
b.Anther: knob-like
structure; produces
pollen
c.Pollen: contains
microscopic cells that
become sperm cells
Stamen
Anther
Filament
Ovule
Stigma
Pistil
Style
Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Slide # 14
Structure of a Flower
3.Sepals: encloses &
protects flower before it
blooms
Stamen
Anther
Filament
Stigma
Pistil
Style
Ovary
4.Petals: usually colorful
& scented; attracts
pollinators
Ovule
Petal
Sepal
Slide # 15
Cross Pollination
How does pollination
happen?
Pollen from an anther
is caught by the
stigma, travels
through style to the
ovules in the ovary.
What is the result of
pollination?
A Fruit: An ovary
containing seeds.
Slide # 16
Chapter 25
Plant
Responses
and
Adaptations
Slide #17
Hormone Action on Plants
A. Plant cells can produce
hormones: which are
chemical messengers that
travel throughout the plant
causing other cells called
target cells to respond.
B. In plants, hormones
control:
Movement
of hormone
Hormoneproducing
cells
Target
cells
1. Plant growth &
development
2. Plant responses to
environment
Cells in one blooming
flower signals other
blooms using hormones to
Slide # 18
C. Plant cells will send signals
to one another to tell them:
1. When trees to drop their leaves.
2. When to start new growth.
3. When to cause fruit to ripen.
4. When to cause flowers to bloom.
5. When to cause seeds to sprout.
Tree
Budding
Fruit
Ripening
Cactus
Blooming
Leaf Drop
Sprouting
Corn Seeds
Slide # 19
D. Ethylene causes
Fruit to Ripen
1.Fruit tissues release a
small amount of ethlyene
2.Causes fruits to ripen.
3.As fruit become ripe, they
produce more and more
ethlyene, accelerating
the ripening process.
Ethylene released
by apples and
tomatoes causes
fruit to age quickly.
Slide # 20
Plant Tropisms
1. Tropism: the way a plant grows in response to
stimuli in the environment.
a.Phototropism: growth response to light
-Plants bend towards light
a.Geotrophism: growth response to gravity
-plant roots grow down with gravity, shoots (stems) grow
up against gravity and out of the soil.
a.Thigmotropism: growth response to touch
-vines grow up around trees, venus flytrap closes when
leaves are touched
Slide # 21
What type of tropism is shown in these pictures?
tr
eo
G
Ph
to
o
op
tr
sm
i
hi
T
pi
o
i sm
rop
tot
ho
P
sm
tr
o
gm
ph
o
sm
i
eo
G
op
tr
ism
Th
tr
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i
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(jHence: a = a 2 v = 3 2 x i 2 k ix + ySo5.19)ja = ix + y = 3 2 xi + 2 yi 2 xj2x 2 y 3 x = 0y + 2 x = 0(mr = qE + q v BEquation 5.2.14)r = r + r + 2 v + ( r )v = v + r Equation 5.2.13q =B so = 02mqmr q B v B ( r ) = qE + q ( v + r
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
Collecting terms and neglecting terms in 2 :gg x + x cos t + y + y sin t = 0llgg x + x sin t y + y cos t = 0ll24hourssin 24T== 73.7 hourssin 195.21T=5.22Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the center of the wheel, the x and
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
r = 0Vb VtVt VtVtVt Vt k sin cos + V sin i cos j k sin cosbbbbbb22V Vt Vt V Vt Vt+ k cos 2 j cos ( r ) = k sin 2+ i sinbb bbb22VV ( r ) = k nbSince the origin of the coordinate system is traveling in a circle of r
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
CHAPTER 6GRAVITATIONAL AND CENTRAL FORCES6.14m = V = rs331 3m 3rs = 4 F=Gmm( 2rs )222Gm 2 4 3 G 4 3 43== m4 3m 4 3 2FFGm 2 4 3 3==mW mg4g 3 121F 6.672 1011 N m 2 kg 2 4 11.35 g cm 3 1 kg 106 cm3 3=3 (1 kg ) 3W4 9.8
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
The gravitational force on the particle is due only to the mass of the earth that isinside the particles instantaneous displacement from the center of the earth, r.The net effect of the mass of the earth outside r is zero (See Problem 6.2).4M = r334
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
6.56.6GMm mv 2GMv2 ==so2rrrfor a circular orbit r, v is constant.2 rT=v4 2 r 2 4 2 3T2 =r r3=2vGM2 rvFrom Example 6.5.3, the speed of a satellite in circular orbit is (a) T =1 gR 2 2v= e r3T=2 r 21g 2 Re1 T 2 gRe2 3r =
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
This is the same expression as derived in Problem 6.3 for a particle dropped into ahole drilled through the earth. T 1.4 hours.6.8The Earths orbit about the Sun is counter-clockwise as seen from, say, the northstar. Its coordinates on approach at the
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
4M d = r33GMm 4F ( r ) = 2 mGr3r6.101 1 k=errduk= e kdru=d 2u k 2 k= e = k 2ud 2 rFrom equation 6.5.10 d 2u1+ u = k 2u + u = 2 2 f ( u 1 )2duml u122f ( u ) = ml ( k + 1) u 3f (r ) = ml 2 ( k 2 + 1)r3The force varies as th
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
kIf 1 + 2 < 0 , ml kIf 1 + 2 = 0 , ml du= C1du = c1 + c21r=c1 + c2kIf 1 + 2 > 0 , ml u = A cos(c + d 2u cu = 0 ,d 2d 2u=0d 2)d 2u+ cu = 0 ,d 2kr = A cos 1 + 2 + ml6.12c > 0 , for which u = aeb is a solution.c>0111=r
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
For r = a , and the force to be central, try = bt nf ( ) = m 2ab 2 n 2t 2 n 2 + ab 2 n ( n 1) t 2 n 2 For a central field f ( ) = 02n + ( n 1) = 0n=131 = bt 3(a)6.14Calculating the potential energy 4 a2 dv = f ( r ) = k 3 + 5 drrr 2 a2
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
1r = a cos ( r = a @ = 0 )33(b) at =r 0 the origin of the force. To find how long it takes 2avvl= 2==11ra 2 cos 2 a cos 2 33a1dt = cos 2 dv3ThusT=320a3a 23 a212cos d = cos d = 4vv3v01 9k 2Since v = 2 2a 113 2
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
dV V 1 r (b) dr1 = 2r1 dV = 2 60 1% = 120% !(a)() dr1 2 r1 r1 r V r1 The approximation of a differential has broken down a correct result can be obtained bycalculating finite differences, but the implication is clear a 1% error in boost causes
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
6.17From Example 6.10.1 12vr2 2 = 1 + q 2 ( qd sin ) where q =and d =dveaeare dimensionless ratios of the comets speed and distance from the Sun in terms of theEarths orbital speed and radius, respectively (q and d are the same as the factor
UNF - PHYSICS - 4360C
But the total orbital energy iskkE=SoE = 2 a2a2aSince planetary orbits are nearly circularkkV ~andT~a2aaE aand=Thus, E TaTaav=2We obtainav6.20 (a) V =1Vdt0krFrom equation 6.5.4, l = r 2dlr 2 d= 2 or dt =dt rl2 kr