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93 Pages
Ecology Physical Environment and Climate
Course: BIOL/EVPP 307, Summer 2011School: George Mason
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Weatheristheenvironmentalcondition prevailingtodayandintheshortterm. ThePhysicalEnvironment: ThePhysicalEnvironment: Climate Aclimaticpatternisdeterminedby thedistributionofheat(measured bytemper ThePhysicalEnvironment: ThePhysicalEnvironment: Climate Climateisalongtermenvironmental conditionorweatherpattern. Thisdistinguishesclimatefromweather. ature)andmoistureona yearlybasisataparticularlocation...
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Weatheristheenvironmentalcondition
prevailingtodayandintheshortterm.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Aclimaticpatternisdeterminedby
thedistributionofheat(measured
bytemper ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Climateisalongtermenvironmental
conditionorweatherpattern.
Thisdistinguishesclimatefromweather.
ature)andmoistureona
yearlybasisataparticularlocation
ontheglobe.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Bothtemperatureandmoisture
patternsareassociatedwithlatitude;
butarealteredby:
1. prevailingwinds,
2. mountainranges,and
3. presenceorabsenceoflocalbodiesof
water(oceansandlakes).
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Inotherwords,climateistheresult
ofcombinationof:
1. Differentialheatoriginatingas
electromagneticradiationfromthe
sun(afunctionoflatitude);
2. Moistureavailability(partiallya
functionoflatitude);
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
3.
Prevailingwinds(modifiedbythe
Coriolisforce);and
4.
Localfeaturesoflandscape
(bodiesofwater,mountainsetc.).
Latitude:
Latitude:
TropicalWetForests
Latitude:
Latitude:
LocationofDeserts
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Temperature
Everypointontheglobereceivesthesame
numberofhoursofelectromagneticradiation
(ER)peryear.
energy.
Butnotthesameamountof
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Theamountofenergyreceivedaswell
asthedistributionovertime(seasonal
variation)dependsonlatitude.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Thisisbecause:
themaximumrateofconversionof
LightEnergy(Electromagnetic
Radiation)intoheatoccurswhen
thesunisdirectlyoverhead.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
TherateofconversionofLightEnergy
(ElectromagneticRadiation)intoheat
energydeclinesasafunctionoflatitude
outsideofthetropicssincethesunisat
lowerandloweranglesandlightenergy
isspreadoverlargersurfaceareas.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Inaddition,variationindaylength
is:
minimizedintropicallatitudesand
maximizedinpolarlatitudes.
Thesunisdirectlyoverheadonly
intropicallatitudes.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Definitionofthetropics:
thoselatitudeswherethesunis
directlyoverheadatnoonatleast
onceayear.
Occurswithin23.5oN(Tropicof
Cancer)and23.5oS(Tropicof
Capricorn).
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
DayLengthisapproximately12hours
perdayallyearlongattheequator.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
But,atthehighestlatitudes(nearthe
NorthandSouthPoles)thesunmay
neversetattheheightofsummer(June
21inNorthernHemisphere)andmay
nevermoveabovethehorizoninthe
heightofwinter.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Inthetropics,thesunisdirectly
overheadattheequatoratthetime
oftheequinoxes(March21,Sept.
21),atwhichtimeallareasofthe
Earthhave12hoursofdaylight.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
OnJune21,thelongestdayof
theyearintheNorthern
Hemisphere,thesunisdirectly
overheadattheTropicofCancer.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
OnDecember21,thesunis
directlyoverheadattheTropicof
Capricorn.
Thisdateisalsotheshortestday
ontheyearintheNorthern
Hemisphereandthelongestdayof
theyearintheSouthern
Hemisphere.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Inthetropicsthen,exceptatthe
verylimits,thesunwillbedirectly
overheadtwiceayear.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Seasonalityisbasedmainlyon:
temperatureinthetemperateand
polarzones;
andrainfallinthetropics.
Thatis,wetversusdryseasonsin
thetropics.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Inthetropicallatitudes,daily
variationintemperature(day
versusnight)canbemuchgreater
thanseasonalvariationsindaily
highsandlows.
PropertiesofAir
PropertiesofAir
1.
2.
Warmairhasamuchgreatercapacity
toholdmoistureascomparedtocool
air.
Warmairislessdensethancoolair
andthereforerises.
PropertiesofAir
PropertiesofAir
Locally(asopposedtoglobalair
circulation),atnightcoolairsinks
andsettlesinlowareas.
Thisairwillheatupagainduring
theday.
GlobalAirCirculation
GlobalAirCirculation
Onaregionalandglobalscale,
duringtheday,warmairrisesand
coolsasitleavesthesurfaceofthe
Earthandenterstheatmosphere.
PropertiesofAir
PropertiesofAir
Duringtheday,sunlightis
absorbedbylandmasses,and
energyisconvertedintoheat.
Airnearthegroundisheated,it
becomeslessdenseandrises,
producinglargeareasofrisingair
masses.
PropertiesofAir
PropertiesofAir
Aswarmairmasses
gainaltitudethey
eventuallycool,
moisture
condenses,clouds
form,andtheresult
isprecipitation.
PropertiesofAir
PropertiesofAir
Asrisingairmassescoolhighinthe
atmosphere,theassociatedhigh
altitudelandformationsexperiencecold
airtemperatures.
Thegeneralruleisthatair
temperaturedrops5.5oCper
1000mofelevation.
Table1.Meantemperaturebyaltitudeat
variouslocationsinCostaRica,1968
Location
Limon
Golfito
Nicoya
Tilran
ElCoco
SanJose
ElGuarco
Altitude Degree Temperature MeanRainfall
(m)
s
(mm)
Latitude
3
15
130
562
920
1172
1433
10
8
10
10
10
10
9.5
24.9
28.5
26.3
23.6
22.5
20.4
18.7
3574
4575
2438
2503
2244
2300
1880
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Rainfallamountsvarybylatitude,but
arealsodeterminedby:
1.
2.
3.
proximitytotheoceanorotherlargebodies
ofwater;
theprevailingwinds;
mountainranges.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Inmostcases,
tropicallocations
receivemore
rainfallthan
temperateor
boreallocations.
Table2.Annualprecipitationamountsfromselected
temperateandtropicalregions
Location
Caas,Costa
Rica
MidwesternUS
EastCoastofthe
US
AmazonBasin
Foothillsofthe
Andes
BiomeType
TropicalDeciduous
Forest
Annual
Precipitation
1763
Prairie(Temperate
5001000
Grassland)
TemperateDeciduous 10001500
Forest
TropicalWetForest
15003000
TropicalWetForest
5000
Global Rainfall Patterns
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
1.
Determinedbyconvectioncells
and
2.
theCoriolisforce.
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
3.
ConvectionCellsplusCoriolisForce
combinetoproducetheprevailing
winds.
4.
Theprevailingwinds,inturn,
determinetheoceancurrents,which
affectlocalterrestrialclimates.
ConvectionCells
ConvectionCells
ThermalEquator
60oN
30oN
23oN
0o
23oS
30oS
TropicofCancer
Sundirectly
overhead.
Equator
TropicofCapricorn
September21
March21
60oS
ThermalEquator
60 oN
30 oN
23 oN
0 o
Tropic
Equat
or
23 oS
30 oS
60 oS
ofCan
cer
Sundirectly
overhead.
Tropic
ofCap
ricorn
June21
ThermalEquator
o
60 N
cer
ofCan
Tropic
or
Equat
o
30 N
o
23 N
rn
aprico
ofC
ropic
T
0o
23 S
o
o
30 S
o
60 S
Sundirectly
overhead.
December21
60oN
Warmairmovesup
andawayfromthe
equatortowards
thepoles.
30oN
23oN
0o
23oS
30oS
60oS
Coldairalso
movesalongthe
surfaceofthe
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
TheCoriolisForceisbasedonthefact
thattheEarthisrotatingonitsaxis;
Areasclosertotheaxisofrotation(high
latitudes)aremovingthroughtheair
massesmoreslowlythanareasnearer
theequator.
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
At45oNlatitudetheEarthmoves
throughtheatmosphereat17,000
miles/day.
Attheequator,theequivalent
speedis24,000miles/day.
CoriolisEffect
DirectionofSpin
N
Space
path
N
Pathon
Earth
S
S
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Theresult:
1. AirmassesintheNorthern
Hemispherearedeflectedtotheright
astheymovealongthesurfaceofthe
earth.
2. AirmassesintheSouthern
Hemispherearedeflectedtotheleft.
PrevailingWinds
PrevailingWinds
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
PrevailingwindsintheNorthern
Hemisphere:
FromtheNortheastintheTropics;
2. FromtheWestintheTemperate
Zone(northofthetropics);
3. FromtheEastinthePolarRegions.
1.
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
GlobalAirCirculationPatterns
PrevailingWindsintheSouthern
Hemisphere:
FromtheSoutheastintheTropics;
2. FromtheWestintheTemperate
Zone(northofthetropics);
3. FromtheEastinthePolarRegions.
1.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Desertsarefoundintwo
situations:
1.
Atornear30olatitude.
2.
Ontheleewardside(asopposedto
windwardside)oftheprevailing
winds.
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Theselatterareoftencalled
mountainshadowdeserts.
Examples:
1. westsideofmountainsinthetropics;
2. eastsideofmountainsinthe
temperatezone
OceanCurrents
OceanCurrents
Oceancurrentsarethemovementof
surfacewatersintheoceans.
Theyaretheresultofbeingpushedby
theprevailingwinds.
OceanCurrents
OceanCurrents
Oceancurrents
followtheprevailing
winds,butarealso
shapedbythe
positionsofthe
continents.
OceanCurrents
OceanCurrents
OceanCurrents
TheGulfStream,for
example,is
producedbythe
presenceofthe
CentralAmerican
landbridge,and
influencesclimates
asfarawayasthe
BritishIsles.
OceanCurrents
OceanCurrents
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
ThePhysicalEnvironment:
Climate
Oceanicclimates(orclimatesnear
largebodiesofwater)tendtobe
moisterandhavelessextremesof
temperate.
Continentalclimatesaredrierandhave
greaterextremesoftemperature.
Microclimates
1. Light.Inamature
forestlessthan
1%ofincident
lightmayreach
theforestfloor.
MasonNeckStatePark
Microclimates
2. Relativehumidityisoften80100%
nearthegroundbutonly60%inthe
canopy.
3. Temperaturevariationsnearthe
ground:1.43.2oCbut7.212.4oC
at18metersfromtheground.
Microclimates
Microclimates
4.
Windspeedis
muchgreaterat
higherportionsof
forestcanopy,
muchlessnear
ground.
Microclimates
Microclimates
1. Microclimateson
hillsvary
dependingon
locationand
aspect.
Microclimates
Microclimates
1.
2.
Location:
Topofhill,warmer,
drier,sunnier.
Bottomofhill,cooler,
moister,fewerhours
ofdirectsunlight.
Microclimates
Aspectisnorthfacingversussouth
facingslopes.
IntheNorthernHemisphere:
southfacingslopesalmostalwaysface
thesunandarewarmeranddrier.
northfacingslopesarealmostalwaysin
theshadeandaremoisterandcooler.
February5,2005,NorthSide
February5,2005,NorthSide
February5,2005,SouthSide
February5,2005,SouthSide
February5,2005,SouthSide
February5,2005,SouthSide
February5,2005,NorthSide
February5,2005,NorthSide
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
ZoneSystem
Biomesareregionalecosystemtypes.
Terrestrialbiomesreflecttheprevailing
climate,specificallytemperatureand
moistureavailability.
Thelogofabovegroundplant
productivitycanbepredictedbythelog
oftotalevapotranspiration.
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
ZoneSystem
Evapotranspirationequalsthe
totalamountofwaterreturnedto
theatmospherebythecombined
processesofevaporationandplant
transpiration.
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
ZoneSystem
Evapotranspirationisa
surrogateforthecombinedeffects
of:
light,
2. temperature,and
3. moistureavailability.
1.
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
ZoneSystem
Holdridgeandothersfoundthat
onecanalsopredictwhattypeof
vegetationwillbepresentinan
ecosystemaslongastemperature
andmoisturedataareavailable.
Biomes
Biomes
Biomes,orregionalecosystem
types,canbegraphedandmaps
ofbiomedistributionsdevelopedas
follows.
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
ZoneSystem
Holdridgedevelopedamoredetailed
systemandappliedittoboth
temperateandtropicalecosystems.
Hissystemhasmanylevels,butthe
basiclevelisdeterminedbytwo
parameters:
1.
2.
Meanannualbiotemperature
Totalannualprecipitation
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
ZoneSystem
Meanannualbiotemperatureisjust
whatitsoundslikeexceptalldaily
temperaturesbelowzeroorabove30oC
arescoredaszero.
Holdridgewasinterestedin
temperaturesproducingnetpositive
productivity.Attemperaturesbelow
zeroorabove30,netproductivityis
zero.
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
ZoneSystem
Totalannualprecipitationwasused
ratherthanlengthofthedryseason
sinceitwassimplerandjustas
effective,accordingtoHoldridge.
Aswecanseeinalaterslide,Holdridge
usedabase2model.
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
ZoneSystem
Atypicallifezoneisnamefor:
thelatitudinalregion,
2. thealtitudinalbelt,
3. thehumidityprovince,
4. theprevailingvegetation(forest,
scrub,etc.).
1.
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
BiomesandtheHoldridgeLife
ZoneSystem
Typicalnames:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tropicalwet
forest
Tropical
montanewet
forest
Temperate
moistforest
Borealdryscrub
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EVPP/BIOL 350Freshwater EcosystemsLecture 10 Small invertebratesDr. Kim de MutsertFall 2011Zooplankton - CharacteristicsBrachionusPolyarthraKeratella Rotifers Small invertebrates Multicellular,heterotrophic,eukaryotic Suspension feeders Ro
George Mason - BIOL/EVPP - 350
EVPP/BIOL 350FreshwaterEcosystemsLecture 7 StreamChemistryDr. Kim de MutsertFall 2011Stream PhysicochemistrySuspended SedimentsSolutesTemperatureDissolved oxygenSuspended Sediments Suspendedsediment: finegrained solids(between 0.45m and 10
George Mason - BIOL/EVPP - 350
Lecture 3AStreamMorphology andWatershedHydrologyDr. Kim de MutsertEVPP/BIOL 350Freshwater EcosystemsFall 2011Stream Origin While lakes are made byoutside sources, streams make themselves Streams tend to persist; while lakes slowly fill inwith
George Mason - BIOL/EVPP - 350
Lecture 8 WetlandBiogeochemistryEVPP/BIOL 350FreshwaterEcosystemsDr. Kim de MutsertFall 2011Bb Reading:Wetland Biogeochemistry.pp. 177-200 from Wetlands(Mitsch and Gosselink eds.).Wetland Biogeochemistry Wetlands are valuable sources, sinks a
George Mason - BIOL/EVPP - 350
Lecture 3B WetlandCharacteristics:Classificationand HydrologyEVPP/BIOL 350FreshwaterEcosystemshttp:/www.flmnh.ufl.edu/FISH/southflorida/everglades/marshes/marshes.htmlDr. Kim de MutsertFall 2011Wetlands: Regulatory DefinitionWetlands:Those are
George Mason - BIOL/EVPP - 350
Lecture 21 WetlandManagement and RestorationEVPP/BIOL 350Monitoring Watershed RecoveryUntil recovery trends are manifested in someself-sustaining, relatively naturally functioningcondition, restoration or recovery has not trulyoccurredWhen resourc
George Mason - BIOL/EVPP - 350
BIOL/EVPP 350 Freshwater EcosystemsLecture SyllabusFall 2011MW 1:30-2:45 in Research Hall 201Instructors:Dr. Kim de Mutsert, Lecturer and course leader, kdemutse@gmu.eduTerm Assistant Professor, Environmental Science and Policy(703) 993-1043Office
George Mason - GGS - 311
Geographic Information SystemGeographic Information SystemGeographic(GIS)(GIS)(GIS)GIS)What is GIS?Think About GeographyThink About GeographyThinkWhat is Geography? Association of American Geographers definition: Geography is the science of p
George Mason - GGS - 311
Final Examination Study Sheet GGS 311: Introduction to Geographic Information Systems Dr. Matt Rice, Fall 2011 Geographic Data Modeling Longley, chapter 8 GGS-311_-_Lecture6.ppt 1) Definition of a Data Model
George Mason - GGS - 311
GGS 311: Introduction toGeographic InformationSystemsChapter 5: GeoreferencingDr. Matt RiceGeorge Mason UniversityFall 2011IntroductionLongley et al., Chapter 5 Learning Objectives: Learn the requirements for an effective system ofgeoreferencin
George Mason - GGS - 311
Geographic Data ModelingLongley Chapter 8Dr. Matt RiceGeography and GeoinformationScience 311Fall 2011Outline Definitions Data models / modeling GIS data models Topology Example Water facilitiesDefinitions Data model set of constructs for r
George Mason - GGS - 311
Cartography and MapProductionLongley Chapter 12Dr. Matt RiceGeography and Geoinformation Science 311Fall 2011Outline Nature of maps and cartography Principles of map design Composition Symbolization Map series Applications ConclusionsIntrodu
George Mason - GGS - 311
Accuracy & UncertaintyMatt RiceGGS 311 - GMUFall 2011NationalMapPublished byAccuracyUSGSStandardshttp:/egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/factsheets/fs17199.html#US%20NationalHorizontalaccuracyFor maps onpublicationNationalMapPublished byAccuracyU
George Mason - GGS - 311
Web GIS / Future of GISDr. Matt RiceGeography and Geoinformation Science311Fall 2011Overview:Future of GISGIS software architectureDataLegal Issues and IPPrivacyPanoramic Map of EurekaCalifornia (l890 1910) availablethrough the Library of Con
George Mason - GGS - 311
GEOGRAPHY & GEOINFORMATION SCIENCE 311 INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Instructor: Dr. Matt Rice Term: Fall 2011 Classroom: Innovation Hall, room 222 Classtime: (GGS 311003: CRN 75396), Tuesday 4:30pm
George Mason - GGS - 311
GEOGRAPHY & GEOINFORMATIONSCIENCE 311INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICINFORMATION SYSTEMSInstructor: Dr. Matt RiceFaculty Office: Research Building I, Room 242Faculty Office Hours: Wednesday, 11:00am-1:00pm or by appointmentEmail: rice@gmu.eduFaculty web
George Mason - GGS - 311
GEOGRAPHY & GEOINFORMATIONSCIENCE 311INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICINFORMATION SYSTEMSInstructor: Dr. Matt RiceFaculty Office: Research Building I, Room 242Faculty Office Hours: Wednesday, 11:00am-1:00pm or by appointmentEmail: rice@gmu.eduFaculty web
George Mason - GGS - 311
GIS Data CollectionLongley, chp. 9Dr. Matt RiceGeorge Mason UniversityFall 2011OverviewIntroductionPrimary data captureSecondary data captureData transferCapturing attribute dataManaging a data capture projectData CollectionOne of most expens
George Mason - GGS - 311
Data Collection TechniquesRasterVectorSecondaryDigitalremotesensingimagesGPSmeasurementsDigitalaerialphotographsPrimarySurveymeasurementsScannedmapsTopographicsurveysDEMsfrommaps ToponymydatasetsfromatlasesPrimary Data CaptureCapture sp
George Mason - GGS - 311
GGS 311 Introduction to GIS Dr. Matt Rice Midterm Exam Study Sheet Fall 2011 1) Read Chapters 1, 7, 5, 3, 9 completely and pay attention to the bold points they are probably going to appear on the exam, p
George Mason - GGS - 311
GGS 311: Introduction to Geographic InformationSystemsChapter 3: RepresentingGeographyDr. Matt RiceGeorge Mason UniversityFall 2011QuestionWhat coordinate system are theseunits likely associated with?621,161 m E3,349,894 m NUTM?PLSS / Townshi
George Mason - GEOL - 102
2/25/11Archean Eonand the Solar System87% of the Earths history is inthe Precambrian!A little background before weget to the Earthmore background All of the planets were formed around thesame time (~4.7bya). They are formed from the same materia
George Mason - GEOL - 102
ArcheanRemember Precambrian time includes 80% of theearth's history, from 4.5 byr - 700 myr. So for the first 500 myr there is nogeologic record. Original crust was thin and composed mainlyof komatite & basalt. Granites have formed from basalts fr