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DAMAGE
Course: MCB MCB2010, Fall 2010School: Broward College
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DAMAGE
TOTHEPLASMAMEMBRANEBYANTIMICROBIALS
Theplasmamembraneisvitaltothesurvivalofthebacterialcell.Somechemicaldisinfectants
actbydamagingtheplasmamembrane.Thisincludesaldoholsandquaternaryammoniums.In
addition,polymixinantibioticsalsoactontheplasmamembrane.
Beforediscussingmovementacrosstheplasmamembrane,weneedtobrieflyreviewsolutions.
Asolutionconsistsofadissolvingmedium,calledthesolvent,andoneormoredissolved
substances,calledthesolutes.Inbiologicalsolutions,thesolventiswater.Incrossingcell
membranes,substancesaremovingfromonesolutiontoanother.
MOVMENTOFMATERIALSACROSSMEMBRANES
Processesaredividedaccordingtowhetherornottheyrequireenergy.
1)Passiveprocessesallshare2majorcharacteristics:
Donotrequireenergy
Canmoveonlyfromgreaterconcentrationtolesser
concentration(withtheconcentrationgradient)
a)SimpleDiffusionnetmovementofmoleculesorionsfromanareaofhigher
concentrationtoanareaoflowerconcentration.Thismovementcontinuesuntilthe2
concentrationsbecomeequal.
b)Osmosisthisisreallystillsimplediffusionbutthistimewater(solvent)moleculesdothe
movinginsteadofthesolutes(dissolvedmaterial).Osmosisoccursacrossamembranethatis
permeabletowaterbutrelativelyimpermeabletothesolutes.Watermoleculesmovefroman
areaofhigherwaterconcentrationtoanareaoflowerwaterconcentration.Herearethe3ways
osmosiscanaffectabacterialcell:
1]Isotonicsurroundingswaterandsoluteconcentrationareequalinsidethecellandinthe
solutionthatsurroundsthecell.Sinceconcentrationsarealreadyequal,nonetmovementoccurs.
Water=Water
Solutes=Solutes
2]Hypotonicsurroundingswaterconcentrationishigherandsoluteconcentrationislower
outsidethecellthaninside.Bacteriaoftenfindthemselvesinthesesurroundings.Inthese
conditions,waterwouldenterthecell,evenenoughtocausethecelltoburst,ifnotforthecell
wall.
LowerWaterHigher
Water
HigherSolutesLowersolutes
3]Hypertonicsurroundingswaterconcentrationislowerandsoluteconcentrationhigher
outsidethecellthaninside.Waterwouldtendtoleavethecell.Ifenoughleaves,thiscouldkill
thecell.Thisistheprincipalbehindsaltedmeatsandjellies.
HigherWaterLowerWater
LowerSolutesHigherSolutes
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
DETAILSOFAEUKARYOTICCELLFLAGELLAANDCILIAwhenpresent,theseareusedtoprovidemotilityfortheentirecellortomovesubstancesalongthesurfaceofthecell.1.Flagellaoccurasoneorafewandarerelativelylong2.Ciliaareshortandoccurinlargenumbersovertheentiresurfacethecell.
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE1.Incubationperiodtimebetweeninitialinfectionandfirstappearanceofsignsorsymptoms.Thiscanvarydueto:a.Microorganisminvolvedb.Virulenceofinfectingmicrobesc.Originalnumberofinvadersd.Resistanceofthehost2.Prodromalperiodearly,milds
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DIAGNOSTIC IMMUNOLOGYInadditiontoprovidingprotectionagainstdisease,immunologicfunctionsarewidelyusedtodaytoaidindiagnosis.Forthispurpose,antibodiesareusedtodetectthepresenceofspecificantigens.1.PRECIPITATIONREACTIONSsolubleantigensreactwithantibodiest
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
DIRECT CONTACTBacteriaTetanusClostridium tetanianaerobe that may establish an infection in puncture wounds &produce a toxin that leads to severe convulsionsGas gangreneClostridium perfringenswound infection causes spreading necrosis oftissue; often f
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DIRECTMEASUREMENTOFMICROBIALGROWTHLiquidculturesareusuallyusedandpopulationnumbersarerecordedasthenumberofcellspermilliliteroftheculturemedium.Usuallynumbersinaverysmallsamplearecountedandthenthenumberpermilliliter(ml)iscalculated.Togetthesmallsample
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DISEASES&REACTIONSRELATEDTOTHEHUMANLEUKOCYTEANTIGEN(HLA)COMPLEXAllnucleatedhumancellsbearonthesurfaceoftheirplasmamembranesspecialproteincomplexesthatarethethingtheimmunesystemusestorecognizeself(ornonself).Theseproteinsarecapableofactingasantigens,bu
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DNA REPLICATIONDNApolymerasecanaddnewnucleotidesonlytothe3'end,orinthe5'3'direction.Keepingthisinmind,herearethestepsinDNAreplication:1.EnzymeunwindsthedoublestrandandproteinsstabilizetheunwoundDNA.2.Areplicationforkformsatafixedsitecalledtheoriginofr
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
HEATPASTEURIZATIONPasteurusedmildheattokillmicrobesinbeerandwineingredientsbeforefermentation.Thesamegeneralideaisnowusedformilk.Pasteurizationkillspathogenicbacteriaandviruses,althoughsomeharmlessbacteriadosurvive.(Heatsufficienttokillallmicrobeschan
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
HEATCannedfoodsareanexampleofcontrolofmicrobialgrowthbyheating.Inthemedicalworld,labmedia,glassware,andsurgicalinstrumentsareexamplesofthingsusuallysterilizedbyheat.Heatresistancevariesamongmicrobes.Thermaldeathpointisthelowesttemperatureatwhichallmic
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
HELMINTHSThesearetheparasiticworms.Theybelongtotwophyla,Platyhelminthes(flatworms)andNematoda(roundworms).Bothphylacontainmanyfreelivingspecies,butonlytheparasiticspecieswillbediscussed.Helminthsaremulticellulareukaryoticanimals.Theygenerallyhavediges
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
HISTORY OF CHEMOTHERAPY1.Althoughchemotherapywithnaturalproductssuchasherbscanbetracedbackfarinthehistoryofman,PaulEhrlichisgivencreditforthebirthofmodernchemotherapy.Hesetouttocreateatreatmentforsyphilisthatwouldcurethediseasemorereliablyandwithlessha
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
HOSTRANGEMostvirusesarefairlyspecificastowhatspeciestheyarecapableofinfecting.Mostarelimitedtoonlyonespeciesorseveralcloselyrelatedspecies.Thereareevenvirusesthatattackonlybacteria.Theseareknownasbacteriophages,orjustphages.Themainfactorsindetermining
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
HOW BACTERIAL PATHOGENSDAMAGE HOST CELLSManymicrobesenteringahostaredestroyedbylysosomes.Ifthemicrobesmanagetoavoidthis,theymaycausedamageinfourmainways:1.Usinghost'snuitrients2.Causingdirectdamageintheimmediateareaoftheinvasion3.Byproducingtoxinsth
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
HOW BACTERIAL PATHOGENSPENETRATE HOST DEFENSESMostpathogensmustpenetratetissuestocausedisease.Factorsthatcontributetotheabilityofbacteriatoinvadeahost:1.Capsulessomebacteriaformanorganizedglycocalyxcalledacapsulearoundtheircellwalls,whichincreasesthe
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
HOW DO WE GET THE GENE?ManybacteriamakeenzymesthathavetheabilitytocutastrandofDNAintopieces.Theseenzymesarecalledrestrictionenzymes.AparticularrestrictionenzymealwayscutsintotheDNAataparticularsequenceofbases.Inthebacteria,theseenzymesapparentlyareprod
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
HYDROSTATICPRESSUREThisreferstothepressureexertedbywaterinrelationtoitsdepth.Barophilesareorganismsadjustedtoaveryhighhydrostaticpressure,livingatdepthsofupto1milesintheocean.Theseorganisms(bothprocaryocytesandeucaryocytesexist)cannotliveatlowerpressur