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EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Course: MCB MCB2010, Fall 2010School: Broward College
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EUKARYOTICCELLS
Thisisthetypeofcellfoundinalllivingorganismsexceptbacteria.
Hereisthecomparisonchartagain:
CHARACTERISTIC
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Size
Smallertypicalsizeis
0.22mindiameter
Largertypicalsizeis10
100mindiameter
Nucleus
Nonuclearmembraneor
nucleoli(nucleoid)
Truenucleuswithnuclear
membraneandnucleoli
Membraneenclosed
organelles
Absent
Many,including
lysosomes,Golgicomplex,
ER,mitochondria&
chloroplasts
Flagella
Consistof2protein
buildingblocks
Complex;consistof
multiplemicrotubules
Phagocytosis
None
Somecancarryon
phagocytosis
Glycocalyx
Presentasacapsuleor
slimelayer
Presentinsomecellsthat
lackacellwall
Cellwall
Usuallypresent,
chemicallycomplex
(peptidoglycan)
Whenpresent,usually
simple,NOpeptidoglycan
Plasmamembrane
Nocarbohydrates,almost
alllacksterols
Sterolsandcarbohydrates
incorporated
Cytoplasm
Nocytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Smallersize(70S)
Largersize(80S)exceptin
organelles
Chromosome(DNA)
arrangement
Singlecircular
chromosome,nohistones
Multiplelinear
chromosomeswith
histones
Celldivision
Binaryfission
Mitosis
Sexualreproduction
Nomeiosis;transfer
fragmentsofDNAonly
Meiosis
Inbrief,eukaryoticcellsarelargerandmorecomplex.
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
EXOTOXINSTheseareproducedinsidesomebacteriaastheygrow,andreleasedintothesurroundings.Theyareproteins,andmanyareenzymesthatcatalyzeonlycertainbiochemicalreactions.Manybacteriathatproduceexotoxinsaregrampositive,butsomegramnegativebacteriaalsoproducethe
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
EXOTOXINS2.ErythrogenictoxinStreptococcuspyogenesbacteriacancarryaprophagewhichcausesthemproducethreetypesofcytotoxins,A,B,andC,whicharealsocallederythrogenictoxinsbecausetheydamagecapillariesundertheskinandproducearedrash.Thediseaseiscalledscarletfeve
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
FACTORSINFLUENCINGENZYMEACTIVITY1.Temperaturerateincreasesastemperatureincreases,uptoidealtemperature.Beyondthat,ratedecreasesbecauseexcessheatdenaturesenzymes,causingthemtolosetheir3dimensionalshape.Denaturationisusuallynotreversiblecookingeggwhiteis
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FIVECLASSESOFIMMUNOGLOBULINSTheseare:IgGIgMIgAIgDIgEEachclasshasadifferentroleintheimmuneresponse.IgGs,IgDs,andIgEshavetheYshapedstructure.IgMsandIgAsareusuallytwoormoremonomersjoinedtogether.SeeTABLE17.1P487forasketchofthestructuresandasummaryof
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
FUNCTIONALANATOMYOFPROKARYOTICANDEUKARYOTICCELLSAllcellssharenumerouscharacteristics,butcellsoflivingthingscanbedividedinto2basictypes.Hereisaquickcomparison.CHARACTERISTICPROKARYOTICEUKARYOTICSizeSmallertypicalsizeis0.22mindiameterLargertypical
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FUNGALDISEASESAnyfungalinfectioniscalledamycosis.Mycosesaregenerallylonglasting,chronicinfections.1.Systemicmycosesfungalinfectionsdeepwithinthebody.Theyareusuallycausedbyfungithatliveinthesoilandinhalationofsporesisthecommonrouteofinfection.Theseinfec
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MATURATIONANDRELEASETheassemblyofthecapsidusuallyoccursspontaneouslywhenallcomponentshavebeensynthesized.Ifthevirusisanenvelopedvirus,theviralproteinstobeincludedintheenvelopearesynthesizedinthehostcellalongwiththerestoftheviralproteins.Theseproteinsar
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MECHANISMOFENZYMEACTION1.Surfaceoftheenzymemoleculecontainsaregioncalledtheactivesite.Thisisthepartthat"fits"thesubstrate.2.Atemporaryenzymesubstratecomplexformsasthesubstratefitsintotheactivesite.3.Thesubstrateischanged.Thiswillinvolvemakingorbreakin
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MECHANISMOFPHAGOCYTOSISTherearefourmainphasesintheprocess:1.Chemotaxischemicalattractionofphagocytestomicrobes.Thechemicalsinvolvedinclude:MicrobialproductssuchastoxinsChemicalsreleasedbywhitebloodcellsalreadyintheareaChemicalsreleasedbydamagedtissue
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MECHANISMOFPHAGOCYTOSISLysosomalenzymesincludelysozyme,whichbreaksdownthepeptidoglycanofthebacterialcellwall.Otherenzymes,includinglipases,proteases,ribonuclease,anddeoxyribonucleasebreakdownotherbacterialcomponents.Theseenzymesaredesignedtoworkbestata
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MEDICALLYIMPORTANTDIVISIONSOFFUNGIDIVISIONGROWTHCHARACTERISTICSASEXUALSPORESHUMANPATHOGENSZYGOMYCOTANONSEPTATEHYPHAESPORANGIOSPORESRhizopusMucorDIMORPHICCONIDIOSPORESAspergillusBlastomycesdermatidisHistoplasmacapsulatumSEPTATEHYPHAE,STRON
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MEDICALLYIMPORTANTPHYLAOFPROTOZOAThelifecycleis:1)AmosquitocarryingtheinfectivestateofPlasmodium(calledasporozoite)bitesahumanandinjectssporozoitesintothebloodstream.Theyarecarriedtotheliver.2)Inthelivertheyundergoschizogonyandproducethousandsofaformk
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MEDICALLYIMPORTANTPHYLAOFPROTOZOAWewillstudyonlythosegroupsthatcontainpathogens.1.Archaezoaeukaryocytesthatlackmitochondria.Manyoftheseliveinsymbiosisinthedigestivetractsofanimals.Mosthavetwoormoreflagellaformovement.Somehaveamembraneattachedtotheflag
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MEDICALLYIMPORTANTPHYLAOFPROTOZOA9)Theoocystrupturesandthesporozoitesmigratetothesalivaryglandsofthemosquito,wheretheyarereadytoinfectanewhostbittenbythemosquito.Inthiscyclethemosquitoiscalledthedefinitivehostbecauseitharborsthestageundergoingsexualre
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
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