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Klebsiella
Course: MCB MCB2010, Fall 2010School: Broward College
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Klebsiellaliveinsoilandwateraswellasintestinaltracts.Manycanfixnitrogen. K.pneumoniaecancauseseverepneumonia,usuallyinpatientsinapoornutritionalstate. Serratiaonespecies,S.marcescens,producesareddishorangepigment.Itisacommon contaminantinhospitals,frequentlyfoundoncathetersandinsupposedlysterilesolutions.Ithas beenknowtoestablishitselfinairductsandcausepneumoniaduetoinhalation.Italsomay...
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Klebsiellaliveinsoilandwateraswellasintestinaltracts.Manycanfixnitrogen.
K.pneumoniaecancauseseverepneumonia,usuallyinpatientsinapoornutritionalstate.
Serratiaonespecies,S.marcescens,producesareddishorangepigment.Itisacommon
contaminantinhospitals,frequentlyfoundoncathetersandinsupposedlysterilesolutions.Ithas
beenknowtoestablishitselfinairductsandcausepneumoniaduetoinhalation.Italsomay
causeurinarytractinfections.
Proteusthisgenusshowsaswarminggrowthonagarthismeansitspreadsallovertheplace.
Maycauseurinarytractinfectionsandinfectwounds.
YersiniaY.pestiscausesbubonicplaguetheBlackDeathofmedievaltimes.Ratsandwild
rodentsmaycarrythisorganism,anditspreadstohumansbywayoffleas.Onceinfection
occurs,itcanpassfrompersontopersonalso.Thisisnotonlyadiseasefromwaybackin
historythereareusuallyafewcasesintheUSeveryyear.
Erwiniathisgenusdiffersfromtherest.Itisprimarilyapathogenofplants,causingrot.
Enterobacterthesecanliveinwaterandsoilaswellasintestinaltracts.E.cloacaeandE.
aerogenescancauseurinarytractinfectionsandnosocomial(hospitalacquired)infections.
g.PASTEURELLALESthisorderincludeshumanandanimalpathogens.Theorganismsare
nonmotile.
Pasteurellamainlyanimalpathogenswhichcancausepneumoniaandsepticemia(bacteria
livingandmultiplyinginthebloodaveryserioussituation).P.multocidacanbetransmitted
fromdogsandcatstohumansbybitesorwounds.
Haemophilusfoundinthemucousmembranesoftheupperrespiratorytract,themouth,the
vaginaandtheintestinaltract.H.influenzaegotitsnamefromthemistakenbeliefthatitcaused
influenza.Itisacommoncauseofearinfectionsandsometimescausesmeningitisinchildren.It
canalsocauseepiglottitis,septicarthritis,bronchitis,andpneumonia.H.ducreyicausesa
sexuallytransmitteddiseasecalledchancroid.Whengrowninthelab,theseorganismsrequire
bloodintheirculturemedium.
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Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
LEGIONELLALESanotherorder.1)Legionellathisentiregenuswasdiscoveredfairlyrecently.Theyhaveprobablybeenaroundlongerthanhumans,butwehadneverfoundthem.In1976therewasanoutbreakofanunusualpneumoniainpersonswhohadattendedanationalconventionoftheAmericanLegion
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
LIGHTMICROSCOPYModernmicroscopesarecompoundlightmicroscopes.Thismeansthatthereare2lensesthatmagnify,theocularlensandtheobjectivelens.Lightraysprovidetheillumination.Brightfieldmicroscopythisisthemostcommonuseofthelightmicroscope.Specimensareusuallyst
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
LIPIDBIOSYNTHESISCellssynthesizefatsbylinkingglycerolandfattyacids.Theglycerolcanbeproducedfromoneoftheintermediatesinglycolysis.FattyacidsarebuiltupbylinkingfragmentsofacetylCoA.Thisisalsoaprocessofdehydrationsynthesis.Lipidsaremostimportantascompone
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
LOWTEMPERATURESThesearemuchmoreoftenbacteriostaticthatbacteriocidal.Althoughsomespeciesarefairlyeasilydamaged,lowtemperaturesareneveradependablemeansofkillingmicrobes.1.NORMALREFRIGERATORTEMPERATURESveryfewpathogenscangrow.Psychrotrophsgrowslowly,andw
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MATURATIONANDRELEASETheassemblyofthecapsidusuallyoccursspontaneouslywhenallcomponentshavebeensynthesized.Ifthevirusisanenvelopedvirus,theviralproteinstobeincludedintheenvelopearesynthesizedinthehostcellalongwiththerestoftheviralproteins.Theseproteinsar
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MECHANICALFACTORS1.SKINprovidesaneffectivebarrieragainsttheentryofmicrobes.Itconsistsoftwolayers,theouterepidermis(epithelialtissue)andtheinnerdermis(connectivetissue).Theepidermisismadeupoflayersofepithelialcellsincontinuoussheets,tightlyconnectedtoea
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MECHANISMOFENZYMEACTION1.Surfaceoftheenzymemoleculecontainsaregioncalledtheactivesite.Thisisthepartthat"fits"thesubstrate.2.Atemporaryenzymesubstratecomplexformsasthesubstratefitsintotheactivesite.3.Thesubstrateischanged.Thiswillinvolvemakingorbreakin
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MECHANISMOFPHAGOCYTOSISTherearefourmainphasesintheprocess:1.Chemotaxischemicalattractionofphagocytestomicrobes.Thechemicalsinvolvedinclude:MicrobialproductssuchastoxinsChemicalsreleasedbywhitebloodcellsalreadyintheareaChemicalsreleasedbydamagedtissue
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MECHANISMOFPHAGOCYTOSISLysosomalenzymesincludelysozyme,whichbreaksdownthepeptidoglycanofthebacterialcellwall.Otherenzymes,includinglipases,proteases,ribonuclease,anddeoxyribonucleasebreakdownotherbacterialcomponents.Theseenzymesaredesignedtoworkbestata
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MEDICALLYIMPORTANTDIVISIONSOFFUNGIDIVISIONGROWTHCHARACTERISTICSASEXUALSPORESHUMANPATHOGENSZYGOMYCOTANONSEPTATEHYPHAESPORANGIOSPORESRhizopusMucorDIMORPHICCONIDIOSPORESAspergillusBlastomycesdermatidisHistoplasmacapsulatumSEPTATEHYPHAE,STRON
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MEDICALLYIMPORTANTPHYLAOFPROTOZOAThelifecycleis:1)AmosquitocarryingtheinfectivestateofPlasmodium(calledasporozoite)bitesahumanandinjectssporozoitesintothebloodstream.Theyarecarriedtotheliver.2)Inthelivertheyundergoschizogonyandproducethousandsofaformk
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MEDICALLYIMPORTANTPHYLAOFPROTOZOAWewillstudyonlythosegroupsthatcontainpathogens.1.Archaezoaeukaryocytesthatlackmitochondria.Manyoftheseliveinsymbiosisinthedigestivetractsofanimals.Mosthavetwoormoreflagellaformovement.Somehaveamembraneattachedtotheflag
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MEDICALLYIMPORTANTPHYLAOFPROTOZOA9)Theoocystrupturesandthesporozoitesmigratetothesalivaryglandsofthemosquito,wheretheyarereadytoinfectanewhostbittenbythemosquito.Inthiscyclethemosquitoiscalledthedefinitivehostbecauseitharborsthestageundergoingsexualre
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
METABOLICDIVERSITYAnorganismsmetabolicpathwaysdependontheenzymesavailable.Allorganismscanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheirnutritionalpattern:1.Sourceofenergy2.Sourceofcarbon1.ENERGYSOURCEa.Phototrophscanuselightenergyb.Chemotrophsmustobtainenergyfromoxi
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
METABOLICREACTIONSMetabolismsumofallthechemicalreactionswithinalivingorganism.2maintypesofreactionsareinvolved:1.Catabolism(catabolicordegradationreactions)thesebreakdownlargermoleculestosmallerones,breakingchemicalbondsandreleasingenergyintheprocess(
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
METHODSOFCLASSIFYINGANDIDENTIFYINGMICROORGANISMSFATTYACIDPROFILESoftenthetypeandamountofvariousfattyacidsarecharacteristicofcertainspeciesofbacteria.Cellularfattyacidscanbeseparatedandcomparedtoknownprofiles.FLOWCYTOMETRYfluidcontainingbacteriaisforc
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
METHODSOFCLASSIFYINGANDIDENTIFYINGMICROORGANISMSSEROLOGYhisisthesciencethatstudiesbloodserumandimmuneresponsesthatcanbemeasuredinserum.Whenmicroorganismsenterthebody,oneoftheresponsesistheformationofproteinscalledantibodies.Antibodiescirculateintheblo
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
METHODSOFCLASSIFYINGANDIDENTIFYINGMICROORGANISMSMicroorganismsareidentifiedandclassifiedformorethanonereason.Weattempttoidentifyandclassifyalllivingthings,butdeterminingtheidentityofpathogensisespeciallyimportant,becauseitoftenmakeseffectivetreatmentp
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
METHODSOFCLASSIFYINGANDIDENTIFYINGMICROORGANISMSRIBOSOMALRNASEQUENCINGthisisanothertechniqueusedtodeterminetherelationshipsamongorganisms.RibosomalRNAisbelievedtochangelessthanothernucleicacidsovertime,becauseifanorganismhasadrasticchangeinitsrRNAitwo
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MICROBIALGENETICSGeneticsisthescienceofheredity.Itincludes:WhataregenesHowdotheycarryinformationHowaretheyreplicated(copied)HowaretheypassedtosubsequentgenerationsofcellsHowaretheypassedfromorganismtoorganismHowdoestheirexpressiondeterminethecharac
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MICROBIALGENETICSWhileageneisbeingusedasapattern,thetwostrandsofDNAmustbeseparated.Thehydrogenbondsthatlinkthestrandsareweakandeasilybroken.ThetwostrandsofDNAmustalsoseparatewhentheDNAisreplicatedpriortocelldivision.DNAcanchange(mutate).Thisisoftendam
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
DIRECTMEASUREMENTOFMICROBIALGROWTHa.POURPLATESTomakeapourplate,generallyeither1mlor0.1mlofthedilutionisplacedinasterileemptyPetridish.Nutrientagarwhichhasbeenheldinliquidformatabout45oCisaddedtothePetridishandcarefullymixed.Theagarquicklysolidifiesandb
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MITOCHONDRIAthesearethepowerhouses,wheremostofthecellsATPisproduced.Amitochondrionhas2membranes,asmoothoutermembraneandaninnermembranethatliesindeepfoldscalledcristae.Theinnercavityisthematrix.Theprocessofcellularrespirationiscarriedoutbyenzymesassocia
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
Modern Developments in Microbiologyvarious branches of microbiology have developed:o bacteriology study of bacteriao mycology study of fungio parasitology study of protozoa and parasitic wormso immunology study of how immunity reacts to various patho
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MONOCLONALANTIBODIESInadditiontobodydefense,antibodiesarealsoveryhelpfulindiagnosisofdisease.Forsometime,theprocedureforobtainingtheminvolvedinjectionoftheantigenintoananimal,whichstimulatedtheanimaltoproduceantibodieswhichcouldberecoveredfromtheserum.
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MULTIPLICATIONOFANIMALVIRUSESThisprocessfollowsthesamebasicpatternasbacteriophagemultiplication,butthereareseveraldifferences.Hereisabriefcomparison:STAGEBACTERIOPHAGEANIMALVIRUSESATTACHMENTTAILFIBERSATTACHTOCELL ATTACHMENTSITESAREWALLPLASMAMEMBR
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MULTIPLICATIONOFBACTERIOPHAGESThebasicmechanismforviralmultiplicationissimilarforallviruses.Wehavethebestunderstandingoflifecyclesofthebacteriophages.Onceaphagehasenteredacell,therearetwopossibilitiesforthenextsteps.Theseareknownasthelyticcycleandthels
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MULTIPLICATIONOFBACTERIOPHAGESAfterthis,biosynthesisofotherviralproteinsbegins.mRNAistranscribedfromphageDNAsothatanyadditionalphageenzymesandcapsidproteinscanbesynthesized.Thesearecalledlateproteins.Thereisaperiodduringwhichnocompletephageparticlesar
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
MUTATION: CHANGE IN THE GENETICMATERIALAmutationisachangeinthebasesequenceofDNA.Thiswillsometimescauseachangeintheproductencodedbythatgene.Ifthegeneisanenzyme,theenzymemaybecomemoreorlessactivebecauseofachangeintheaminoacidsequence.Ifthemutationmakest
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
NEMATODES(THEROUNDWORMS)Thesewormsareroundincrosssectionandtaperedateachend.Theyhaveacompletedigestivesystem,withamouth,anintestine,andananus.Mostaredioecious.Malesaresmallerthanfemales.Manynematodesarefreelivinginsoilandwater,buttherearealsomanyparasi
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
NONPROTEOBACTERIAGRAMNEGATIVEBACTERIAtheseareonlydistantrelativesofthegramnegativeproteobacteria.1.Cyanobacteriathesehaveabluegreencolorandresemblealgae.Theycarryoutoxygenicphotosynthesisandmanyofthemfixnitrogen.Specialcellscalledheterocystscontainenzy
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
NonspecificDefensesofHostSincemicrobesarefoundinsuchlargenumbersinourenvironmentandareequippedwithvariousmeansofinvadingandcausingdisease,wemustbeabletodefendourselvesagainstthem.Ourabilitytofightdiseaseiscalledresistance,andoccursinthreemainways:1.Pr
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
NORMALMICROBIOTA(NORMALFLORA)REGIONNORMALFLORAORGANISMSCOMMENTSSKINPropionibacteriunmacnesSecretionsfromsweatandoilglandshaveantimicrobialproperties,somicrobesindirectcontactmaynotliveforlongperiods,butlargenumbersalwayspresent.Staphylococcusepi
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
NUCLEARAREA(NUCLEIOD)prokaryoticcellsdonothaveaseparate,membraneenclosedareafortheDNA.TheirDNA,intheformofonecircularchromosomewithoutassociatedhistones,isnotseparatedfromthecytoplasm.ThechromosomesDNAtwistsintoatighthelixandisconnectedtotheplasmamembr
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
NUTRITIONALADAPTATIONSFungimayadaptwelltoenvironmentsthatdonotsupportgrowthofbacteria.Tocomparethetwogroups:1.FungiusuallypreferapHofabout5,whichistooacidformostbacteria2.Almostallmoldsareaerobic.Mostyeastsarefacultativeanaerobes.3.Mostfungiaremorere
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
OBSERVINGMICROORGANISMSTHROUGHAMICROSCOPEMagnificationisnecessarytoobserveandstudymicrobes.Also,weknowallmicrobesaresmall,butwemuststillbeabletomeasuretheirsize.Unitsofthemetricsystemareused.Themeteristhestandardunit,butsincethisisroughlyequivalenttoo
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
OBTAININGPURECULTURESMostsamplesfromnaturalconditionscontainmanydifferentspeciesofbacteria,andoftenothertypesofmicrobesaswell.Eachmicrobeplacedonthesurfaceofasolidmediumgrowsandformsavisiblecolony.Coloniesformedbydifferentmicrobesmayhavedifferentappear
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
OPERON MODEL OF GENEEXPRESSIONThisisadescriptionofthedetailsofthecontrolofgeneexpressionbyinductionandrepression.InductionoftheenzymesinvolvedinlactosecatabolisminEscherichiacolicanbeusedastheexample.Threeenzymesareneededfortakinginandbreakingdownlac
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
OPERON MODEL OF GENEEXPRESSIONWhenlactoseispresent,asmallamountofitentersthecellandisconvertedtoallolactose.Allolactoseactsasaninducer.Itbindstotherepressorproteinandaltersitsothatitcannotbindtotheoperatorsite.RNApolymerasecannowtranscribethestructura
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
OPPORTUNISTIC MICROORGANISMSUndercertaincircumstances,relationshipsbetweenorganismscanchange.Forexample,commonstrainsofEscherichiacoliareharmlessorbeneficialinthelargeintestine.However,E. coliisaverycommoncauseofurinarytractinfectionsifitgainsaccesstot
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
ORGANICGROWTHFACTORSTheseareessentialorganiccompoundsanorganismcannotsynthesize.Vitaminsareoneexample.Thesefunctionascoenzymesandarerequiredforessentialmetabolicreactions.Manybacteriacansynthesizealltheirownvitamins(humanscanmakeonlyafew),butsomedoreq
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
OSMOTICPRESSUREPlacingahighconcentrationofsaltorsugarinbacterialsurroundingscauseswatertoleavethecell.Thisisverysimilartoplaindesiccation.Itcausestheplasmamembranetoshrinkawayfromthecellwallplasmolysis.Thecellstopsgrowingandeventuallydies.Thisisawayof
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
OTHER ANTIMICROBIALSMODEOFACTIONCOMMENTSANTIFUNGALDRUGSPOLYENESAmphotericinBInjurytoplasmamembraneSystemicfungalinfections.Fungicidal.IMIDAZOLES&TRIAZOLESInhibitionofplasmamembranesynthesis.Fungicidal.ClotrimazoleTopicaluseforfungalinfectionso
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
OXYGENREQUREMENTSOFMICROBES1.Obligateaerobes(aerobicmicrobes)theserequireoxygentoliveandgrow(thisdescriptionalsofitsus!).Theymustproduceenzymesthatcounteractthetoxiceffectsofoxygen.Theadvantageofusingoxygenisthataerobiccellularmetabolismisthemosteffici
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PATHOGENICPROPERTIESOFFUNGI,PROTOZOA,HELMINTHS,ANDALGAE1.Fungisomefungicancausedisease,butasagrouptheydonothaveawelldefinedsetofvirulencefactors.a.Somefungidoproducetoxicchemicals.Trichothecenesaretoxinsthatinhibitproteinsynthesisineukaryoticcells.b
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PATHOGENIC PROPERTIES OF VIRUSESVirusesmustgainaccesstothehost,evadethehostsdefenses,andcausedamageordeathtothehostcellwhilereproducingthemselves.1.Viralmechanismsforevadinghostdefensesviruseshaveattachmentsitesforreceptorsonhostcells.Thisallowsthevir
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PATHOGENIC PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES4)Somevirusesmaycauseadjacentcellstofusetogether,formingaverylargecellcalledasyncitium.Paramyxovirusesareknownforthis.5)Someviralinfectionsresultinchangesinfunctionbutnovisiblechangesinappearance.6)Somevirusinfectedcell
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PATHOLOGY, INFECTION, ANDDISEASEPathologyisthescientificstudyofdisease.Itincludes:1.Etiologythecauseofthediseasediseasecausingorganismsarecalledpathogens2.Pathogenesisthemannerinwhichthediseasedevelops3.Stucturalandfunctionalchangesbroughtaboutbythed
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PERSISTENTVIRALINFECTIONSThistermreferstoaviralinfectionthatoccursgraduallyoveralongperiodoftime.Thevirusisgraduallybuildingupoveralongperiodoftime,andinmostcaseseventuallywillbefatal.Theseinfectionscanalsobecalledslowviralinfections.Anexampleisthatver
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
pHMostbacteriagrowbestatapHof6.57.5(neutralornearneutral).MostbacteriadonotgrowatallbelowapHofabout4butafewacidophilesdotolerateacidity.MoldsandyeastspreferapHof56,buttendtogrowatleastsomeoverawiderangeofpH.Acidfoodssuchaspicklesandsauerkrautusuallydo
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PHAGOCYTOSISCelleatingcertainwhitebloodcellshavetheabilitytoengulfmicrobesandotherforeignparticles.Thesecellsareknownasphagocytes,andincludeseveraltypesofwhitebloodcells.Areviewofbloodbloodconsistsofafluidcalledplasma,inwhichtheformedelementsarefound.
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PHAGOCYTOSISThegranularleukocytesaretheneutrophils,basophilsandeosinophils.Whenstained,theircytoplasmexhibitslargeprominentgranules.1.Neutrophilslilac(pinkish)granuleswithalobednucleus.Theseareoftencalledpolymorphonuclearleukocytes,polymorphs,orpolys.
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PHASESOFPHAGEGROWTHa.Latentperiodnumberofplaqueformingunits(viruses)remainsconstant.Phagesareinvadinghostcellsandcausingthesynthesisofviralproteinsandthereplicationofthenucleicacid,butnonowvirionsarebeenreleased.b.Eclipseperiodfirstpartofthelatentper
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PHYSICALMETHODSOFCONTROLDryingandsaltingweretheearliestmethodsoffoodpreservation,sothesewerealsotheearliestmeansofcontrollingbacterialgrowth.Physicalmeansofcontrolinclude:HeatOsmoticpressureFiltrationRadiationLowtemperaturesDesiccationWhenchoosinga
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PLASMIDS, LYSOGENY, ANDPATHOGENICITYPlasmidsaresmallcircularpiecesofDNAthatarenotpartofthemainbacterialchromosomeandcontaingenesnotfoundonthemainchromosome.Theyarereplicatedandpassedontodaughtercellsduringcelldivision.OnegroupofplasmidsareknownasRplas
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PLASMIDSPlasmidsaresmallcircularpiecesofDNAfoundinsomebacteria(butnotall)andoccasionallyineucaryocytessuchasyeasts.Theycarrygeneswhicharenotfoundonthebacterialchromosome.Usuallythecellcansurviveandgrowwithoutthesegenes,butundercertainconditionstheplas
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PLATYHELMINTHS(THEFLATWORMS)1.Trematodes(flukes)thesehaveflat,leafshapedbodieswithaventralsuckerandanoralsucker,whichtheyusetoholdthemselvesinplaceandtosuckfluidsfromthehost.Theycanalsoabsorbfoodthroughtheiroutercovering,calledthecuticle.Theircommonnam
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PLATYHELMINTHS(THEFLATWORMS)8)Whenahumaneatsthecrayfishthathasnotbeensufficientlycooked,themetacercariaecomeoutofthecystinthehumanssmallintestine.Itboresoutoftheintestineandtravelstothelungs,entersthebronchiolesanddevelopsintoanadult.c.Schistosoma(blo
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PORTALS OF ENTRY1.MUCOUSMEMBRANESmanybacteriaandvirusesgainaccesstothebodybypenetratingthemucousmembranesoftherespiratory,digestive,orgenitourinarytracts,orbypenetratingtheconjunctiva(mucousmembranethatlinestheeyelids).Therespiratorytractisthemostfre
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PORTALS OF EXITMicrobeshavepreferredportalsofentryandexitfromthebodyofahost.Thischapterismostconcernedwithspreadofdisease,soportalsofexitarediscussed.1.Respiratorytractpathogenslivinginthisareaarecarriedoutbyacoughorasneeze.Thelistincludestuberculosis
Broward College - MCB - MCB2010
PREPARATIONOFSPECIMENSFORLIGHTMICROSCOPYItisnotimpossibletoviewunstainedmicrobeswithbrightfieldmicroscopy.Thisisusuallydonebyoneofthefollowingmethods:TEMPORARYWETMOUNTadropofliquidcontainingthemicrobesisplacedonaslide.Acoverslipisplacedoverthedropandt