Hamilton
Final HIST2112 Exam Study Guide
Terms to Know:
Kitchen Debate (1959): conversation between U.S. vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita
Khrushchev as they walked through the American National Exhibition in Moscow in July 1959. Nixon showed
off Americas advancement with consumer goods over the Soviet Unions, but Khrushchev responded by
pointing out that in the Soviet Union, you are entitled to housing, whereas in the United States the homeless
slept on pavements. This was significant because it showed the major flaws in American democracy and the
comparisons between our form of government and that of the Soviet Unions communism.
o Alt. Def.: a conversation between Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and Vice President Richard Nixon
in which they debated the relative merits of their nations economies at the American National
Exhibition held in Moscow in 1959. You are a lawyer for capitalism and I am a lawyer for
communism, Khrushchev told Nixon as each tried to outdo one another.
War on Poverty: In January 1964, President Johnson announced an unconditional was on poverty in his
State of the Union message launched the Economic Opportunity Act in 1964, it became a battle in the form of
new programs and welfare institutions that would help to end poverty in America authorized 10 new
programs in America, allocating $800 million (about 1% of the federal budget) for the first year started new
programs such as HeadStart for preschoolers, work-study grants for college students, Job Corps for
unemployed young people, The Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) program paid modest wages to
volunteers working with the disadvantaged, and a legal services programs provided lawyers for the poor &
CAP (Community Action Program) gave poor people a voice in local government and allowed them to
participate in antipoverty projects CAP gave people usually excluded from government an opportunity to act
on their own behalf and develop leadership skills; it was one of Johnsons goals in attaining his dream of the
Great Society.
o SB: number of troops and bombing went up while budget for war on poverty went down
o Part of LBJs plan for the Great Society; wanted to use government funding and community groups to
help empower poor people to help themselves hand up not hand out; led to Congress passing
Economic Opportunity Act Office of Econ. Opportunity to help immobile people find support;
created programs that still exist HeadStart & Job Corps.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964): During a routine espionage mission in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of
North Vietnam, 2 U.S. destroyers reported that North Vietnamese gunboats had fired on them. Johnson quickly
ordered air strikes on N.Vietnamese torpedo bases & oil storage facilities. Concealing the uncertainty about
whether the 2nd attack had even occurred and the provocative U.S. operations along the N. Vietnamese coast,
he won from Congress the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, granting him authority to take all necessary measures to
repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. Johnsons
tough stance helped him win the 1964 election against Barry Goldwater showing that he was not soft on
communism & ultimately after his re-election, Johnson widened the war, rejected peace overtures from N.
Vietnam and instead launched Operation Rolling Thunder, a strategy of gradually intensified bombing of North
Vietnam.
o SB: Johnson thought Vietnam a test of American willingness to combat communist aggression,
expanded US involvement slightly. August 1964 he said US destroyers in gulf was attacked by N
Vietnamese torpedo boats, all Congress voted for G of T Res which let pres to take necessary measures
o During LBJs fight against communism in Vietnam, 2 U.S. destroyers reported that NV gun boats had
fired at them; LBJ immediately ordered strikes on NV torpedo bases & oil storage units; concealing his
uncertainty that there ever was a 2nd, Congress signed a blank check for LBJ to do by whatever means
necessary to protect the U.S. from harm; authoritarian operation rolling thunder = strategy of increased
bombing of NV
Bakke v. Regents (1978): Warren E. Burger, appointed by President Nixon, was more sympathetic to the
Presidents agenda, restricting somewhat the protections of individual rights established by the previous court
(Chief Justice Earl Warren), but continuing to uphold many of the liberal programs of the 1960s. In Regents of
the University of California vs. Bakke (1978), the Court limited the range of affirmative action but it allowed
affirmative action programs to attack the results of past discrimination if they avoided strict quotas or racial
classifications
o SB: somewhat restricted the individual rights established by the former Court, but continued to uphold
many of the liberal programs of the 1960s. The Court limited the range of affirmative action in this
ruling, but it allowed affirm. action programs to attack the results of past discrimination if they avoided
strict quotas or racial classifications; African Americans reinforced but redefined
Bretton Woods (1946)
o SB: 44 allies (all of industrialized nations) met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to prevent world
from going into the depression; established world bank and international monetary fund for global
banking; each tied currency to U.S. dollar; promoted free trade and enhanced economic growth in
postwar times agencies still important today
1979 Energy crisis: A new upheaval in the Middle East, the Iranian Revolution, created the most severe
energy crisis yet. In midsummer, shortages caused 60% of gasoline stations to close down; frustrated drivers
waited in long line and paid unprecedentedly high prices for gas. We are struggling with a profound transition
from a time of abundance to a time of growing scarcity in energy, President Carter told the nation, asking
Congress for additional measures to address the shortages. Congress reduced controls on oil & gas to stimulate
American production and imposed windfall profits tax on producers to redistribute some of the profits they
would reap from deregulation. Carters energy measures failed to reduce American dependence on foreign oil.
European nations shared that dependence but more successfully controlled consumption. They levied high
taxes on gasoline, causing people to rely more on public transportation and manufacturers to produce more
energy-efficient cars. In the automobile-dependent U.S., however, with inadequate public transit, people
accustomed to driving long distances, and an aversion to taxes, politicians dismissed that approach. By the end
of the century, the U.S., with 6% of the worlds population, would consume more than 25% of global oil
production. During the 1979 gasoline crisis, Carter attempted to balance the development of domestic fuel
sources with environmental concerns, winning legislation to conserve energy and to provide incentives for the
development of solar energy and environmentally friendly alternative fuels.
o SB: caused by the Iranian Revolution; 60% of gas stations closed led to long lines, high prices;
Congress reduced control on oil & fuel and places windfall profits tax on producers in an attempt to
redistribute some of the wealth; Carters attempts did not decrease American reliance on foreign oil;
began looking into a new kind of energy nuclear
Interstate Highway Act (1956): President Eisenhowers greatest domestic initiative; promoted as essential to
national defense and an impetus to economic growth, the act authorized the construction of a national highway
system, with the federal government paying most of the costs through increased fuel and vehicle taxes. The
new highways accelerated mobility of Americans and goods and spurred suburban expansion, shopping malls,
and growth in the fast-food and motel industries. The trucking, construction, and automobile industries had
lobbied hard for the law and benefited substantially from it. Eventually, the monumental highway project
exacted unforeseen costs in the form of air pollution, energy consumption, declining railroads and mass
transportation, and decay of central cities.
o SB: Eisenhower program that added 41,000 miles of freeways across the country paid for mainly by the
government via raised gas & auto tax; increased suburban life, fast-food, longhaul transportation, &
hotel industry; easier & faster travel more reliant on automobiles; problems: cause pollution, energy
consumption, decrease in rail & mass transport, decay of central cities
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) (1983): In March 1983, Reagan startled many of his own advisors by
announcing plans for research on SDI. Immediately dubbed Star Wars by critics who doubted its feasibility,
the project would deploy lasers in space to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach their targets. Reagan
conceded that SDI could appear as an aggressive policy allowing the U.S. to strike first and not fear
retaliation. The Soviets reacted angrily because SDI violated the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty & because
they would require huge investments to develop their own Star Wars technology. Subsequent administrations
continued to spend billions on SDI research without producing a working system.
o SB: used lasers to guide missiles & weaponry controlled by satellite. Russians feel the need to rebuild
their army because they are worried the U.S. wont simply use the SDI for defense
o Reagan researched SDI to put lasers in space to destroy foreign missiles before they reached their
targets; called Star Wars by critics; made Soviets mad because it violated the Antiballistic Missile
Treaty and they would have to spend lots of money to get the same technology; many administrators
tried researching but never got a working system
White flight
o SB: (1950s) white Europeans & others wanted to live w/ people of same sec & ethnicity; led to
culturally diverse urban cities & uni-racial suburbs; some suburban neighborhoods agreed to keep uniracial to keep property value up violence if blacks move in; comps wouldnt insure if mixed X;
maintain segregation & death of downtown
Massive resistance (1956): policy formed by racist Southern white leaders in order to prevent blacks from
progressing in the Civil Rights Movement; they decided to just wear blacks down (Court did not want to
conflict) by simply refusing to comply with court decisions which would force blacks to just take their issues to
Court which would take money and dealing with white judges (2 disadvantages for blacks); whites thought this
would sufficiently prevents blacks from being integrated; it was an attempt to create a solid wall of resistance
o SB: (1956-60s) Harry Byrd & followers after Brown vs. Board of Education decided to integrate
schools; challenged the decision by creating state laws to avoid integration in VA; proved that many
didnt want to integrate even after all this time & Brown vs. BOE; more laws needed to be passed
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC): a new organization formed in 1960 of students that
embraced civil disobedience and the nonviolence principles of Martin Luther King Jr. The activists would
confront their oppressors and stand up for their rights, but they would not respond if attacked. In the words of
SNCC leader James Lawson, Nonviolence nurtures the atmosphere in which reconciliation and justice become
actual possibilities. SNCC, however, rejected the top-down leadership of King and the established civil rights
organizations, adopting a decentralized structure that fostered decision making and the development of
leadership at the grassroots level.
o SB: Ella Baker and students decided that sit-ins needed more energy young men and women; secular.
Raleigh, NC; org student meetings at Shaw U, eventually purged white leaders; played roles in March
on Wash, Selma March, and Freedom Rides
Sit-ins (1960): In Greensboro, North Carolina, a group of black college students started the practice of sitting at
segregated (white-only) local lunch counters and refused to leave, which drew crowds, police, and some
violence. It gave Greensboro a bad name & caused PR problems for Woolworths stores across the country &
put pressure on corporate headquarters to desegregate their lunch counters because they couldnt afford the
economic loss; Sit-ins became more widespread led to wade-ins in segregated local swimming pools & prayins in churches
o SB: got places desegregated without a court order by taking direct action counted on public pressure
for change
o Protest that involves occupying seats at an establishment and refusing to move; SNCC & SCLC
members; served as the main technique for nonviolent protest in U.S. helped lead to passage of Civil
Rights Act of 1964 and desegregation of public facilities
Freedom Rides (1961): organized by the Congress of Racial Inequality (CORE) to integrate interstate
transportation in the South. The riders were severely attacked in by whites in the South (Alabama), President
Kennedy pleaded to call off the rides but the riders continued until after another attack when federal marshals
were dispatched to restore order. Although violence against the riders abated, Freedom Riders arriving in
Jackson, Mississippi were promptly arrested and several hundred spent part of the summer in jail. More than
400 blacks and whites participated in the Freedom Rides, which typified the black freedom struggle:
administration efforts to stop the protests, officials reluctance to intervene to protect demonstrators, and the
steely courage of African Americans in the face of tremendous violence.
o SB: Blacks took buses down through the South to see if places were following Court orders with
transportation (desegregated). They werent really following orders still segregated. Created more
public opinion pressure Kennedy Administration got upset with Freedom Riders.
o CORE, James Farmer and SNCC members; whites and blacks challenged SCs ruling to integrate by
riding on buses together from DC to NOLA; resulted in violence in the South against both whites &
blacks; got public attention that forced JFK to take action. Robert Kennedy (att gen) ordered the
Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce integration on buses
March On Washington, 1963: the largest Civil Rights demonstration for Jobs and Freedom that drew 250,000
blacks and whites to the nations capital; inspired by the strategy of Philip A. Randolph in 1941; led by Martin
Luther King Jr. who gave his famous I Have A Dream speech that is memorable to this day
o SB: (August 23, 1963) 250,000 blacks & whites marched on Washington to fight for jobs & freedom in
DC; event with speeches instead of sit-ins; MLKs I Have a Dream speech; time of great hope for
Civil Rights Movement but didnt achieve anything because southern Civil Rights activists returned to
violence in the South
Civil Rights Act of 1964: first proposed by Kennedy in response to black protest; passed by Johnson after
Kennedys death; the strongest such measure since Reconstruction, the law required every ounce of Johnsons
political skill to pry sufficient votes from Republicans to balance the nays of the southern Democrats;
guaranteed access for all Americans to public accommodations, public education, employment, and voting,
thus putting a final legal end to the Souths system of segregation & discrimination; the law also extended
constitutional protections to Indians on reservations; Title VII of the measure, discrimination banning in
employment, not only attacked racial discrimination, but also outlawed job discrimination against women
represented a giant step toward equal employment opportunity for white women as well as for racial minorities.
o SB: forbade discrimination in any form of public accommodations this takes down barriers to
integration all over the South
o Proposed by JFK before his death; Johnson made sure it passed; outlawed major discrimination against
women & blacks; desegregated public places (schools, work), ended unequal voter registration
requirements; Johnson had to work much harder to ensure Republican votes since Democrats now
mattered; didnt work as well as they had hoped since schools remained segregated
Black Panthers: After police killed an unarmed black teenager in San Francisco in 1966, Huey Newton &
Bobby Seale organized the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense to guard against police brutality. Although the
urban riots of the mid-1960s erupted simultaneously, triggered by specific incidents of alleged police
mistreatment, horrified whites blamed black power militants. Although black power organizations captured the
headlines, they failed to gain the massive support from African Americans that King and other leaders had
attracted. Nor could they alleviate the poverty and racism entrenched in the urban North & West. Black
militants were harassed by the FBI and jailed; some encounters left both black militants and police dead. Yet
black powers emphasis on racial pride and its critique of American institutions resonated loudly and helped
shape the protest activities of other groups.
o SB: (1966-1982) a militant civil rights group founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland,
CA; self-defense of African Americans; wore military uniforms; had 10,000 members by 1969;
violent, confrontational towards police; 1st national militant force against whites; people fed up willing
to take more confrontational approach
New Left (1960): the central organization of white student protest was Students for a Democratic Society
(SDS), formed in 1960. In 1962, the organizers wrote in their statement of purpose, We are people of this
generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably at the world we
inherit. The idealistic students criticized the complacency of their elders, the remoteness of decision makers,
and the powerlessness and alienation generated by a bureaucratic society. SDS aimed to mobilize a New Left
around the goals of civil rights, peace, and universal economic security. Other forms of student activism soon
followed. Many New Left organizations consisted mainly of men and ignored black and white womens
struggles for equality.
o SB: (1960) the SDS were involved; goals were Civil Rights, universal economic stability, & peace;
wanted participatory democracy; individuals get more involved with government; opposed to YAF;
rejected LBJs Great Society because they worried that there was too much power in the hands of a
few; led to free speech movement = 1st large white student protest at UCLA, Berkley led to protest
across nation; began cultural revolution that rejected mainstream values
Equal Pay Act 1963: In 1961, Assistant Secretary of Labor Ester Peterson persuaded President Kennedy to
create the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW). Though not challenging womens
domestic roles, in 1963, the commission reported widespread discrimination against women and recommended
remedies. Congress passed the Equal Pay Act in 1963, making it illegal to pay women less than men for the
same work.
o SB: During WWII, women went to work and realized the benefits of making their own money led to
new feminist drive; men came back and wanted old jobs back; salary was important for family;
awakened labor women to their inferior condition; Act said that women must be paid the same as men
for the same work because the Presidents Commission of the Status of Women showed that women
were being discriminated against in the workplace; EPA has increased salaries significantly, but still
not equal
The Village People
o SB: (late 1970s) gay liberation movement preferred the word gay instead of homosexual; VP was a
disco group that was known for on-stage costumes depicting American culture & suggestive lyrics;
wrote song for gay movement as well as Macho Man and YMCA; gave gay people pride in gay
liberation movement
Young Americans for Freedom
o SB: opposite of SDS; mainly middle class suburban conservatives; disagreed with Great Society
because they wanted less government intervention growing grassroots movement New Right;
supported Barry Goldwater for President but he lost to LBJ led to re-energized conservatives who
ensured that Reagan would win
Equal Rights Amendment (1972): amendment that would outlaw differential treatment of men and women
under all state and federal laws. After it was passed by Congress in 1972, Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative
antifeminist activist in the Republican Party, mobilized thousands of women at the grassroots level who feared
that the ERA would devalue their roles as wives and mothers. These women, marching on state capitols,
persuaded some male legislators to block ratification. When the time limit ran out in 1982, only 35 states had
ratified the amendment, 3 short of the necessary 3/4ths majority.
o SB: outlawed differential treatment of men and women under all state & federal laws; conservative
Phyllis Schlafly organized thousands of women who were worried that the ERA would devalue their
own god-given roles as mothers & wives; they marched on state capitols, persuaded male legislators to
block ratification; ERA was never passed due to conservative backlash
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): the closest the world ever came a nuclear world war; major cold war
confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. After the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the USSR increased its
support of Fidel Castro's Cuban regime, and in the summer of 1962, Nikita Khrushchev secretly decided to
install ballistic missiles in Cuba. When U.S. reconnaissance flights revealed the clandestine construction of
missile launching sites, President Kennedy publicly denounced (Oct. 22, 1962) the Soviet actions. He imposed
a naval blockade on Cuba and declared that any missile launched from Cuba would warrant a full-scale
retaliatory attack by the United States against the Soviet Union. On Oct. 24, Russian ships carrying missiles to
Cuba turned back, and when Khrushchev agreed (Oct. 28) to withdraw the missiles and dismantle the missile
sites, the crisis ended as suddenly as it had begun. The United States ended its blockade on Nov. 20, and by the
end of the year the missiles and bombers were removed from Cuba. The United States, in return, pledged not to
invade Cuba, and subsequently secretly removed ballistic missiles it had placed in Turkey.
o SB: (October 1962) During the Civil War, Cuba allowed Khrushchev to set up missiles because they
were afraid of American invasion; American spy planes got pictures of the missiles; the closest moment
to total nuclear war; came to compromise if Soviet Union removes the missiles from Cuba, U.S.
promises not to invade Cuba & remove missiles from Turkey; both looked win to their people; JFK
proved himself as a cold warrior
Carter Doctrine (1980): In 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Carter imposed economic
sanctions on them, barred U.S. participation in the 1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow, and obtained
legislation requiring all 19 year-old men to register for the draft. Claiming that the Soviet actions jeopardized
oil supplies form the Middle East, the President announced the Carter Doctrine, threatening the use of any
means necessary to prevent an outside force from gaining control of the Persian Gulf; sent clear messages to
Soviet Union about invading intensified Cold War
Reagan Democrats (1980s): supporters of Republican President Ronald Reagan; white working-class
Democrats disenchanted with the Great Society and suffering from the stagflation of the 1970s.
o SB: (1980) Reagan was a very popular president, began as Democrat; Neo-liberalists included Reagan
Democrats who were mainly working class whites who normally voted democratic but were
disenchanted w/ LBJs Great Society and subjected to stagflation; led by Richard Viguerie,
conservative icon who has been coined with being a key arch in Reagans victory; Reagan elected
pushed for less government internationally
Reaganomics (Supply-side economics): President Reagan was in favor of free enterprise/free market.
Reagans first domestic objective was a massive tax cut. Although tax cuts in the face of a large budget deficit
contradicted traditional Republican economic doctrine, Reagan relied on a new theory called supply-side
economics, which held that cutting taxes would actually increase revenue by enabling businesses to expand,
encouraging individuals to work harder because they could keep more of their earnings, and increase the
production of goods and servicesthe supplywhich in turn would boost demand. Reagan promised that the
economy would grow so much that the government would recoup the lost taxes, but instead it incurred a
galloping deficit.
o SB: Government policy commits to producers so that they will have incentives to expand & create new
jobs & stimulate supply to help stimulate demand; cuts tax rates and does everything it can to maximize
income for producers creates a gap in income
o (1980s) Supply-side econ: decrease taxes so people would work harder because see more money,
thought they would spend and stimulate the economy b/c increase supplies so increase demand; said a
boosted economy would help all
o Trickle down econ: rich have money would fall into hands of poor; incurred a huge national deficit;
wealth was more unequally distributed b/c rich average personal income increased but poor decreased..
increase poverty rate
Deregulation: Carter had confined deregulation to particular industries, such as air transportation and banking,
while increasing health, safety, and environmental regulations. The Reagan administration, by contrast, pursued
across-the-board deregulation. It declined to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Acts limits on monopolies against
an unprecedented number of business mergers and takeovers. Reagan also loosened regulations protecting
employee health and safety, and he weakened labor unions. Deregulation of the banking industry, begun under
Carter with bipartisan support, created a crisis in the savings and loan industry. Some of the newly deregulated
savings and loan institutions (S&Ls) extended enormous loans to real estate developers and invested in other
high-yield but risky ventures. Under the Clinton Administration, deregulation and the continuing decline of
unions hurt low skilled workers, tax cuts had favored the better off, and the national minimum wage failed to
keep up with inflation.
o SB: (mid 1970s-80s) removing government rules & regulations from certain industries; Carter
administration did most of the deregulating: railroads, air transportation, banking thought if gov. out,
competition increase, prices down; RR wanted across the board deregulation, didnt enforce Sherman
Antitrust laws, weakened labor unions & deregulated banks S&L industries; crisis = hundreds went
bankrupt, govt. bailout = huge increase in deficit
70s trucker shutdowns
o SB: Both inflation and unemployment rise = stagflation; first 2 strikes in 73 and early 74 because of
rising fuel costs, 55 mph, gas lines; wanted more government intervention; cap on diesel fuel, lift 55
mph, Nixon wouldnt compromise with them = 1st U.S. energy crisis; beat up truckers who didnt agree
with strike; strike again in 79 this time Iranian Revolution caused; the Independent Truckers
Association pushed for deregulation as well Motor Carrier Act 1980 deregulated
People to Know Civil Rights Leaders:
Rosa Parks: Parks had been active in the local NAACP headed by E.D. Nixon before she was arrested on
December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama for violating a local segregation ordinance. Riding a crowded bus
home from her job as a seamstress in a department store, she refused to give up her seat so that a white man
could sit down. The bus driver called the police, who promptly arrested her. When word came that Parks would
fight for her arrest, WPC leaders mobilized teachers and students to distribute fliers calling for blacks to stay
off the buses. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was founded to organize a bus boycott. The
MIA arranged volunteer car pools and marshaled more than 90% of the black community to sustain the yearlong Montgomery bus boycott. Martin Luther King, Jr., a young Baptist pastor with a doctorate in theology
from BU was then elected to head the MIA launched his career as a civil rights leader/activist.
o SB: Seamstress; heavily involved in the NAACP; got on a Montgomery city bus where blacks are
supposed to relinquish seats to whites & Park refused to give up her seat so she got arrested; led to
blacks doing a boycott of city buses in Montgomery which had a pretty quick economic impact
o (December 1955) NAACP member on a bus; she wouldnt give her seat to a white man so she was
thrown in jail for violated local segregation ordinance; played role in Birmingham Bus Boycotts (90%
of blacks didnt ride buses for 381 days so they would not be intimidated); In 1956, SC & ALs
segregation laws were unconstitutional
Stokely Carmichael: SNCC chairman that gave the ideas of Malcolm X a new name when he shouted, We
want black power at a rally in Greenwood, Mississippi in 1966. Those words quickly became the rallying cry
in the SNCC and CORE, and the black power movement riveted national attention in the late 1960s.
Carmichael called integration a subterfuge for the maintenance of white supremacy and rejected assimilation
because it implied white superiority. African Americans were encouraged to develop independent businesses
and control their own schools, communities, and political organizations. Black is beautiful emphasized pride
in black culture and connections to dark-skinned people around the world.
o SB: (1966) Black power; Unity criticized MLK for his non-violent approach; SNCC member from
Harlem who became militant; ended a march started by James Meredith after he was shot in Memphis;
was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi after 10 days; was named honorary prime minister of Black
Panthers; coined the phrase We want black power! that many young African Americans used
Joan Trumpauer: one of 4 African American college students to participate in a 1963 sit-in at a Woolworths
lunch counter in Jackson, Mississippi (along with Anne Moody & John Salter, Jr.)
o SB: (1960) white SNCC member, participated in sit-in at Woolworths w/ 3 other college students,
demanded that they all be served as whites; they were dragged out by the hair & they returned; Jackson,
Mississippi; led to sit-ins and student protests in Jackson to challenge racial inequality eventually led
to desegregation of Woolworths lunch counter
Readings from which Quotations might be drawn:
Coming of Age in Mississippi, Anne Moody
The Coming War on Women (1945), Willard Waller
Women Are Household Slaves (1949), Edith Stern
Address at the University of Michigan, May 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson
Port Huron Statement (1962), Students for a Democratic Society
NOW, Statement of Purpose, 1966
Roe v. Wade (1973)
National Security Strategy for the United States, Sept. 2002