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Religiology
Course: RELI 1001 1001, Fall 2011School: UGA
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Religiology
Matrixforunderstanding
Epistemology
isaninquiryintoknowledge
ComesfromtheGreekEpistlemeaningletters/writings
Question:Whatconstitutesvalidknowledgeandhowto
interpretthatknowledge?Whatwerelyoninordertogain
knowledge?Whatshouldweusetounderstandandproperly
interpretthatbasisofknowledge?Isthereabasisforvalidityor
truth?
Forexample:Abeliefintheepistemologicalvalidityofthe
scientificmethodwillleadtotheontologicalbeliefthatthings
thatthethingsofthematerialworldaretrulyreal.
Ontology
isaninquiryintothenatureofultimatereality
Whatisultimatelyreal?Whataresomecharacteristicsof
ultimatereality?Whatismorereal,orlessreal?Howiswhatis
morerealrelatedtowhatislessreal?Whatdegreesofreality
arethere,ifany?
Thiscategoryisbrokenupinto3subcategoriesthatmore
specificallyoutlineonesbeliefsaboutthedivine:
Theologywhatdoyoubelieveaboutgod(s)/God?Whatdoyou
believeaboutthenatureorcharacteristicsofgod(s)/God?
CosmologyWhatisthenatureofcreatedexistence?Whatledto
thedevelopmentofcreatedexistenceasweseeit?
Eschatology(Greek:End)Whatwillbethenatureofrealityif
orwhentheworldasweknowitends?
Anthropology
Isaninquiryintohumannatureandidentity
Greek:Anthro=human
Whoarewe?Howdoweidentifyourselves?Whatareour
identities?Aretheresignificantcategoriesofhumans?(ex:
saints,prophets,believer,nonbeliever,etc.)WhoamIasa
human?
Psychology
Isaninquiryintothenatureofconsciousness
Whatdoyoubelieveisthenatureofyourconsciousness?What
doesourconsciousnessconsistof?Whatareourfacultiesof
consciousness?(ex:mind,conscience,soul,etc.)Whatareour
statesofconsciousness?(ex:electrochemicalimpulses,
thoughts,emotions,ect.)
Teleology
isaninquiryintothepurposeoflife
Greek:Telos=endgoalorpurpose
Whatisthepurposeoflife?Isthereapurpose?Arethere
multiplepurposes?
Methodology
isaninquiryintothemethodsofattainingthepurposeoflife
Howcanweachievethepurposeoflife?Whataresomeofthe
majoraspectsofthemethodorwayoflifethatleadstothat
attainment?
WhatisReligion?
WhatisagoodacademicdefinitionofReligion?
WhatisyourdefinitionofReligion?
SOMEDEFINITIONSOF
RELIGION
[A]religionis:asystemofsymbolswhichactstoestablish
powerful,pervasiveandlonglastingmoodsandmotivationsin
menbyformulatingconceptionsofageneralorderofexistence
andclothingtheseconceptionswithsuchanauraoffactuality
thatthemoodsandmotivationsseemuniquelyrealistic.
CliffordGeertz,ReligionasaCulturalSystem
[Religion]hasplayedastrategicpartinthehumanenterpriseof
worldbuilding...Religionimpliesthathumanorderis
projectedintothetotalityofbeing.Putdifferently,religionisthe
audaciousattempttoconceiveoftheentireuniverseasbeing
humanlysignificant.
PeterBerger,TheSacredCanopy
Religionis(subjectivelyregarded)therecognitionofallduties
asdivinecommands...Theonetruereligioncomprises
nothingbutlaws,thatis,thosepracticalprinciplesofwhose
unconditionednecessitywecanbecomeaware,andwhichwe
thereforerecognizeasrevealedthroughpurereason(not
empirically).Itakethefollowingpropositiontobeaprinciple
requiringnoproof:Whatever,overandabovegoodlifeconduct,
manfanciesthathecandotobecomewellpleasingtoGodis
merereligiousillusionandpseudoserviceofGod.
ImmanuelKant,ReligionWithintheLimitsofReasonAlone
Religiousdistressisatthesametimetheexpressionofreal
distressandtheprotestagainstrealdistress.Religionisthesigh
oftheoppressedcreature,theheartofaheartlessworld,justas
itisthespiritofaspiritlesssituation.Itistheopiumofthe
people.Theabolitionofreligionastheillusoryhappinessofthe
peopleisrequiredfortheirrealhappiness.Thedemandtogive
uptheillusionsaboutitsconditionisthedemandtogiveupa
conditionwhichneedsillusions.Thecriticismofreligionis
[Religiousideas]arenotprecipitatesofexperienceorend
resultsofthinking:theyareillusions,fulfillmentsoftheoldest,
strongestandmosturgentwishesofmankind.Thesecretoftheir
strengthliesinthestrengthofthosewishes.Aswealready
know,theterrifyingimpressionofhelplessnessinchildhood
arousedtheneedforprotectionforprotectionthroughlove
whichwasprovidedbythefather;andtherecognitionthatthis
helplessnesslaststhroughoutlifemadeitnecessarytoclingto
theexistenceofafather,butthistimeamorepowerfulone.
ThusthebenevolentruleofadivineProvidenceallaysourfear
ofthedangersoflife;theestablishmentofamoralworldorder
ensuresthefulfillmentofthedemandsofjustice,whichhaveso
oftenremainedunfulfilledinhumancivilization;andthe
prolongationofearthlyexistenceinafuturelifeprovidesthe
localandtemporalframeworkinwhichthesewishfulfillments
shalltakeplace...Butsurelyinfantilismisdestinedtobe
surmounted.Mencannotremainchildrenforever;theymustin
theendgooutintohostilelife.Wemaycallthiseducationto
reality.
Whateverthehistoricalcontextinwhichheisplaced,homo
religiosusalwaysbelievesthatthereisanabsolutereality,the
sacred,whichtranscendsthisworldbutmanifestsitselfinthis
world,therebysanctifyingitandmakingitreal.Hefurther
believesthatlifehasasacredoriginandthathumanexistence
realizesallofitspotentialitiesinproportionasitisreligious
thatis,participatesinreality.Thegodscreatedmanandthe
world,thecultureheroescompletedtheCreation,andthe
historyofallthesedivineandsemidivineworksispreservedin
themyths.Byreactualizingsacredhistory,byimitatingthe
divinebehavior,manputsandkeepshimselfclosetothegods
thatis,intherealandthesignificant.
MirceaEliade,TheSacredandtheProfane
Religion,inthelargestandmostbasicsenseoftheword,is
ultimateconcern...[Religion]givesustheexperienceofthe
Holy,ofsomethingwhichisuntouchable,aweinspiring,an
ultimatemeaning,thesourceofultimatecourage.Thisisthe
gloryofwhatwecallreligion.Butbesideitsgloryliesits
Religionshallmeanforusthefeelings,acts,andexperiencesof
individual[humanbeings]intheirsolitude,sofarasthey
apprehendthemselvestostandinrelationtowhateverthey
considerthedivine.
WilliamJames,TheVarietiesofReligiousExperience
Religionisthatwhichorientsusaswemovethroughtimeand
spaceinrelationtoordinaryandextraordinarythings.Religion
concernsthecreationandmaintenanceofandtheguardingof
thepassagesofboundaries.
CarolynM.Medine(withCharlesLongandCathyAlbanese)
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