EgoDevelopment:
Psychosexual(Freud)vs.
PsychsocialStages(Erikson)
FreudsPsychosexualStages
Duringearlydevelopment,children'sbehavior
oftenorientsaroundcertainbodypartsor
erogenouszones(thelibidoderivesenergyfrom
thesezones).
Thechildmayexperiencefailureorreprimands
fromitsparentsorsocietyandmaythuscometo
associateanxietywithcertainerogenouszones.
Fixationoccurswhenthechildbecomes
preoccupiedwiththemesrelatedtoacertain
erogenouszone.
ErikErikson(19021994)
NeoFreudian(divergedfromFreud)
Deemphasizedimportanceofsexualdrive
Notallconflictstakeplaceintheunconscious;
differentlifestagesposedifferentconflicts
EriksonsPsychosocialvs.Freudspsychosexual
stages
Lifespandevelopmentstagesfrombirth
throughlateadulthood
Freud:Oral(01)
Babiesarelimitedinwhat
theycando.
Breastfeeding/suckingreflex
(automaticimpulse)
Thumbsucking
Explorethingswithmouth
Mouth=onlysourceof
pleasure
1stplacepsychicenergyis
focused;IDdominates
Egoandsuperegonotfully
formed
Fixationresultsfrom
parentingextremes
Toomuchgratification
childactsimmaturelywhen
doesntgetimmediate
gratification
Toolittlegratificationchild
actspassivelyb/cthinkno
behaviorwillleadto
gratification
AdultManifestations
Chewinggum/ice/pens
(aggressive)
Smoking/kissing(passive)
Erikson:Basictrustvs.mistrust
Infantlearnswhetherwants/needswillbe
met/ignored/overindulgedbythecaregiver
Requiresthatparentsprovideappropriate
ratioofsatisfactiontofrustration
Infantlearnstotrustcaregiver(ornot)
Imcrying,butmommywillcomefeedme
soon
Noamountofcryingwillbringfood/love
Freud:Anal(23)
Learningaboutrealitythe
frustratingworld
Teethcomein,butcantbite
mommyduringfeeding
Newexpectationstocontrol
bowels
Newabilities:mastery,
power,control
cancontroltheurgeto
defecate
Theme:
Parentaldemandsfor
obedience/selfcontrol
Toilettrainingpoopingis
fun(relief)butadultsare
againstit(punishment)
Fixation
Tooharsh/controllingleads
toanalretentivetype
Idderivespleasurefrom
expulsion;Egoand
Superegorepresentthe
practicalandsocietal
pressurestocontrolthe
bodilyfunctions.
Obsessionwithorganizationor
excessiveneatness
Toolenient/laxleadstoanal
expulsivetype
Reckless,careless,defiant,
disorganized
Noselfcontrol
Erikson:Autonomyvs.Shame/doubt
Toddlerage:newabilitiestoexplore(walking,
talking,controlovereliminativefunctions)
Yet,parentsstillrequireobedience
Childthinks:Whosincharge?
Patientparentingencouragesautonomy:child
learnsaboutownselfcontrol
Restrictiveparentingleadstofeelingsof
shame/doubt:childfeelsofguiltyiffailtoobey
(haveanaccident)
DianaBaumrind(1967)
UCBerkeley
InstituteforHuman
Development
ParentingStyles
Authoritarian(toohard)
Valuesobedienceasavirtueandfavors
punitive,forcefulmeasurestocurb
improperbehavior.
Extremelyrigid/obedienceoriented;does
notencourageverbalgiveandtake.
ChildrenofAuthoritarians
unhappy,fearful,andanxiousabout
comparingselftoothers
Lacksocialcompetence;lackspontaneity
andlackcuriosity(butsometimesrebeland
actout)
Recommendedincultureswhere
collectivedutyisvalued(Easterncultures)
TheBluths,
ArrestedDevelopment
DianaBaumrind(1967)
UCBerkeley
InstituteforHuman
Development
ParentingStyles
Permissive(toosoft)
Nonpunitive,acceptantandaffirmative
mannertowardsthechild'simpulses,
desires,andactions.
Weak/lackingcontrol;doesnotencourage
childtoobeyexternallydefinedstandards
ChildrenofPermissives
impulsive,lackselfcontrol;donotacceptthe
responsibilityforactions
havelowlevelsofschoolachievement
engagemoreinmisconductanddruguse
TheBundys,
MarriedwithChildren
DianaBaumrind(1967)
UCBerkeley
InstituteforHuman
Development
ParentingStyles
Authoritative(justright)
Bothautonomousselfwillanddisciplined
conformityarevalued
Parentenforcesownperspectiveasanadult,but
recognizesthechild'sindividualinterests.
Compromisingbetweenfirmcontroland
permittingfreedom
ChildrenofAuthoritatives
cheerful,selfcontrolled,selfreliant
highacademiccompetence
likedbyteachersandpeers
Recommendedstyleincultureswhere
individualinitiativeisvalued(Westerncultures)
TheSimpsons
ParentingStyles
CAVEAT:
Parentalstylenotjustafunctionof
theparentspersonalityorprevious
background
Also,interactionwithchilds
personality
Ifchildhasacertaintemperament,
parentmayrespondwithdifferent
parentingstyles.
Freud:Phallic(45)
Awarenessofgenderdifferences
Preferenceforoppositesexparent
Boyshavepenises;girlsdont
Discoveryofsexorgans(feelsgood)
boy:"Mommyismine"
Superegoislearningandintegrating
values,morals,genderrole
Phallicstage:OedipusComplex
Namedafterstoryof
OedipusRex,who
killedhisfatherand
unintentionallyslept
withhismother.
Description:
Thechild'sunconscious
desiretopossessthe
oppositesexedparent
andtoeliminatethe
samesexedone.
Phallicstage:OedipusComplex
ConflictforBoys:
Oedipuscomplex
Desiremotherandhostility
againstfather
Fatheristhefocusofjealousyand
rivalry(sinceheistheonewho
sleepswiththemother).
Boyfearsthatthefatherwillobject
totheboysfeelingsandwill
retaliatewithcastration.
Resolutioninbothsexes
involvesasexualattachmentto
herfatherandisanalogoustoa
boy'sOedipuscomplex.
PenisEnvy
CastrationAnxiety
ConflictforGirls:
ElektraComplex
Envyfeltbyfemalestoward
malesbecausetheypossessa
penis.
Blamesmotherforperceived
castration
LeadstosuppressionofIdimpulses(e.g.,desiringoppositesexparent)and
identificationwithsamesexparent(tovicariouslypossesstheoppositesex
parent)
Childcomestounderstandappropriatesexrole;learnvalues/attitudes
Erikson:Initiativevs.guilt
Preschoolagedchildbeginstofantasizeabout
whatadultlifewillbelike.
Childwantstobeginandcompletehisorherown
actionsforapurpose.
Childmayfeelguilty:
aboutfantasies(e.g.,sexualfantasies)
wheninitiativedoesnotproducethedesiredresults
Also,developsasenseofrightandwrong
Freud:Latency(613)
Resolutionoftheoedipus/elektracomplex
leadstothelatencyperiod
Drivesareseenasdormantandhidden
(latent/repressed)
Redirectrepressedlibidalenergyinto asexual
pursuitssuchasschool,athletics,andsame
sexfriendships.
Erikson:Industryvs.inferiority
Latechildhood:developskillsandattitudes
tosucceedinwork(e.g.,competence)
Experienceeitherasenseofpridevs.
inadequacywithwork
Freud:Genital(13+)
Onsetofpuberty
Genitalvs.phallicnotjustphysicalorgan,but
importantforreproduction
Maturity=abilitytobringlifeintotheworldand
nurtureitsgrowth;butalsodosomething
constructive(creative/intellectual)
Transitionfrommiddleschooltohighschool
Transitionintophysicaladulthood
Detachmentfromtheparents
FormationofRelationships;acceptanceofresponsibility
FINALSTAGE=nofixation;accomplished
successfuldevelopment;welladjusted
Erikson:Identityvs.roleconfusion
Teenageyears(1218):concernwithhow
heorsheappearstoothers
WhoamI?
Choosingvalues/goalsconsistentwith
newlyformedidentity
Crisis:identityconflict
e.g.,JohnMarciasidentitystatuses
JamesMarcia(1980):IdentityStatus
Commitment
Foreclosure
Achievement
e.g.,takeover
daddysshoestore
e.g.,applytograd
school
No
search
Exploration/
search
Diffusion
InMoratorium
e.g.,dropout;flip
burgers,dontworry
e.g.,takenight
coursetofindout
Nocommitment
Freud:Fixation&Regression
Fixation=Unresolvedissues(thelibidogetsleft
behind)atoneofthestages.
e.g.,Parentsover/underindulgethechild
Orallyfixated
Whenstressed,wesometimesregresstoan
earlierstagewherethelibidowasfixated
Unresolvedissueswillcomeuplater
repeatingourpast
actinglikeakid
EriksonsOtherStages
Intimacyvs.Isolation(EarlyAdulthood)
Generativityvs.Stagnation(Adulthood)
"AmIlovedandwanted?"
Findapartnertoshareexperienceswith
Life/identitybecomesset;nowwhat?
Haveconcernforguidingthenextgeneration?
Integrityvs.despair(LaterYears)
Doyoulookbackonlifewithregretoracceptance/new
foundwisdom?
Proudofaccomplishmentsvs.hopelessness
WhatdowelikeaboutErikson?
UnlikeFreud,notjustsexual/biological
maturation
Bothbiologicalandsocietalforces
Lifespandevelopment(entirelifecycle)
Stilldevelopingandexperiencingcrisesaswe
age(e.g.,parenthood,retirement)