4 CHAPTER JOB COSTING 4-1
Cost poola grouping of individual cost items. Cost tracingthe assigning of direct costs to the chosen cost object. Cost allocationthe assigning of indirect costs to the chosen cost object. Cost-allocation basea factor that links in a systematic way an indirect cost or group of indirect costs to a cost object.
4-2 In a job-costing system, costs are assigned to a distinct unit, batch, or lot of a product or service. In a process-costing system, the cost of a product or service is obtained by using broad averages to assign costs to masses of identical or similar units. 4-3 An advertising campaign for Pepsi is likely to be very specific to that individual client. Job costing enables all the specific aspects of each job to be identified. In contrast, the processing of checking account withdrawals is similar for many customers. Here, process costing can be used to compute the cost of each checking account withdrawal. 4-4 The seven steps in job costing are: (1) identify the job that is the chosen cost object, (2) identify the direct costs of the job, (3) select the cost-allocation bases to use for allocating indirect costs to the job, (4) identify the indirect costs associated with each cost-allocation base, (5) compute the rate per unit of each cost-allocation base used to allocate indirect costs to the job, (6) compute the indirect costs allocated to the job, and (7) compute the total cost of the job by adding all direct and indirect costs assigned to the job. 4-5 Two major cost objects that managers focus on in companies using job costing are (1) products or jobs, and (2) responsibility centers or departments. 4-6 Three major source documents used in job-costing systems are (1) job cost record or job cost sheet, a document that records and accumulates all costs assigned to a specific job, starting when work begins (2) materials requisition record, a document that contains information about the cost of direct materials used on a specific job and in a specific department; and (3) labor-time record, a document that contains information about the labor time used on a specific job and in a specific department. 4-7 The main concern with the source documents of job cost records is the accuracy of the records. Problems occurring in this area include incorrect recording of quantity or dollar amounts, materials recorded on one job being borrowed and used on other jobs, and erroneous job numbers being assigned to materials or labor inputs. 4-8 a. b. Two reasons for using an annual budget period are The numerator reasonthe longer the time period, the less the influence of seasonal patterns, and The denominator reasonthe longer the time period, the less the effect of variations in output levels on the allocation of fixed costs.
4-1
4-9 Actual costing and normal costing differ in their use of actual or budgeted indirect cost rates: Actual Normal Costing Costing Direct-cost rates Actual rates Actual rates Indirect-cost rates Actual rates Budgeted rates Each costing method uses the actual quantity of the direct-cost input and the actual quantity of the cost-allocation base. 4-10 A house construction firm can use job cost information (a) to determine the profitability of individual jobs, (b) to assist in bidding on future jobs, and (c) to evaluate professionals who are in charge of managing individual jobs. 4-11 The statement is false. In a normal costing system, the Manufacturing Overhead Control account will not, in general, equal the amounts in the Manufacturing Overhead Allocated account. The Manufacturing Overhead Control account aggregates the actual overhead costs incurred while Manufacturing Overhead Allocated allocates overhead costs to jobs on the basis of a budgeted rate times the actual quantity of the cost-allocation base. Underallocation or overallocation of indirect (overhead) costs can arise because of (a) the Numerator reasonthe actual overhead costs differ from the budgeted overhead costs, and (b) the Denominator reasonthe actual quantity used of the allocation base differs from the budgeted quantity. 4-12 Debit entries to Work-in-Process Control represent increases in work in process. Examples of debit entries under normal costing are (a) direct materials used (credit to Materials Control), (b) direct manufacturing labor billed to job (credit to Wages Payable Control), and (c) manufacturing overhead allocated to job (credit to Manufacturing Overhead Allocated). 4-13 Alternative ways to make end-of-period adjustments for underallocated or overallocated overhead are as follows: (i) Proration based on the total amount of indirect costs allocated (before proration) in the ending balances of work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. (ii) Proration based on total ending balances (before proration) in work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold. (iii) Year-end write-off to Cost of Goods Sold. (iv) Restatement of all overhead entries using actual indirect cost rates rather than budgeted indirect cost rates. 4-14 A company might use budgeted costs rather than actual costs to compute direct labor rates because it may be difficult to trace direct labor costs to jobs as they are completed (for example, because bonuses are only known at the end of the year). 4-15 Modern technology such as electronic data interchange (EDI) is helpful to managers because it provides them with quick and accurate product-cost information that facilitates the management and control of jobs.
4-2
4-16 a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.
(10 min) Job order costing, process costing. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. Job costing Process costing Job costing Job costing Job costing Job costing Process costing Job costing Process costing Job costing
Job costing Process costing Job costing Process costing Job costing Process costing Job costing Job costing (but some process costing) Process costing Process costing Job costing
4-17
(20 min.) Actual costing, normal costing, accounting for manufacturing overhead. Budgeted manufacturing overhead costs Budgeted direct manufacturing labor costs $2, 700, 000 = 1.80 or 185% $1,500, 000 Actual manufacturing overhead costs Actual direct manufacturing labor costs
1.
Budgeted manufacturing overhead rate
=
=
Actual manufacturing overhead rate
=
2.
$2, 755, 000 = 1.9 or 190% $1, 450, 000 Costs of Job 626 under actual and normal costing follow: = Actual Costing Normal Costing $ 40,000 30,000 54,000 $124,000
Direct materials Direct manufacturing labor costs Manufacturing overhead costs $30,000 1.90; $30,000 1.80 Total manufacturing costs of Job 626
$ 40,000 30,000 57,000 $127,000
4-3
3.
Total manufacturing overhead allocated under normal costing =
Actual manufacturing Budgeted labor costs overhead rate
= $1,450,000 1.80 = $2,610,000 Underallocated manufacturing = overhead Actual manufacturing Manufacturing overhead costs overhead allocated
= $2,755,000 $2,610,000 = $145,000 There is no under- or overallocated overhead under actual costing because overhead is allocated under actual costing by multiplying actual manufacturing labor costs and the actual manufacturing overhead rate. This, of course equals the actual manufacturing overhead costs. All actual overhead costs are allocated to products. Hence, there is no under- or overallocatead overhead.
4-18 1.
(20 -30 min.) Job costing, normal and actual costing. Budgeted indirectcost rate = Budgeted indirect costs $8,000,000 = Budgeted direct labor-hours 160,000 hours
= $50 per direct labor-hour Actual indirectcost rate = Actual indirect costs $6,888,000 = Actual direct labor-hours 164,000 hours
= $42 per direct labor-hour These rates differ because both the numerator and the denominator in the two calculations are differentone based on budgeted numbers and the other based on actual numbers. 2a. Normal costing Direct costs Direct materials Direct labor Indirect costs Assembly support ($50 900; $50 1,010) Total costs Laguna Model Mission Model
$106,450 36,276 142,726 45,000 $187,726
$127,604 41,410 169,014 50,500 $219,514
4-4
2b.
Actual costing Direct costs Direct materials Direct labor Indirect costs Assembly support ($42 900; $42 1,010) Total costs
$106,450 36,276 142,726 37,800 $180,526
$127,604 41,410 169,014 42,420 $211,434
3. Normal costing enables Anderson to report a job cost as soon as the job is completed, assuming that both the direct materials and direct labor costs are known at the time of use. Once the 900 direct labor-hours are known for the Laguna Model (June 2007), Anderson can compute the $187,726 cost figure using normal costing. Anderson can use this information to manage the costs of the Laguna Model job as well as to bid on similar jobs later in the year. In contrast, Anderson has to wait until the December 2007 year-end to compute the $180,526 cost of the Laguna Model using actual costing. Although not required, the following overview diagram summarizes Anderson Constructions job-costing system.
INDIRECT COST POOL
Direct Materials
Assembly Support
COST ALLOCATION BASE
Direct Labor-Hours
COST OBJECT: RESIDENTIAL HOME
Indirect Costs Direct Costs
DIRECT COSTS
Direct Manufacturing Labor
4-5
4-19 1.
(10 min.) Budgeted manufacturing overhead rate, allocated manufacturing overhead. Budgeted manufacturing overhead rate = Budgeted manufacturing overhead Budgeted machine hours $4, 000, 000 = $20 per machine-hour 200, 000 machine-hours
=
2.
Manufacturing overhead allocated = Actual machine-hours ? Budgeted manufacturing overhead rate = 195,000 $20 = $3,900,000
3. Since manufacturing overhead allocated is greater than the actual manufacturing overhead costs, Waheed overallocated manufacturing overhead: Manufacturing overhead allocated Actual manufacturing overhead costs Overallocated manufacturing overhead $3,900,000 3,860,000 $ 40,000
4-6
4-20 1.
(20-30 min.) Job costing, accounting for manufacturing overhead, budgeted rates. An overview of the product costing system is
INDIRECT COST POOL
Machining Department Manufacturing Overhead
Assembly Department Manufacturing Overhead
COST ALLOCATION BASE
Machine-Hours
Direct Manuf. Labor Cost
COST OBJECT: PRODUCT
Indirect Costs Direct Costs
DIRECT COST
Direct Materials
Direct Manufacturing Labor
Budgeted manufacturing overhead divided by allocation base: Machining overhead Assembly overhead: 2. $1,800,000 = $36 per machine-hour 50,000 $3,600,000 = 180% of direct manuf. labor costs $2,000,000 $72,000 27,000 $99,000 Assembly $ 3,700,000 3,960,000 $ (260,000)
Machining department, 2,000 hours $36 Assembly department, 180% $15,000 Total manufacturing overhead allocated to Job 494 Actual manufacturing overhead Manufacturing overhead allocated, 55,000 $36 180% $2,200,000 Underallocated (Overallocated) Machining $2,100,000 1,980,000 $ 120,000
3.
4-7
4-21 1.
(2025 min.) Job costing, consulting firm. Budgeted indirect-cost rate = $13,000,000 $5,000,000 = 260% of professional labor costs
INDIRECT COST POOL
Client Consulting Consulting Support Support
COST ALLOCATION BASE
Professional Professional Labor Costs Labor Costs
COST OBJECT: JOB FOR CONSULTING CLIENT
Indirect Costs Direct Costs
DIRECT COSTS
Professional Labor
2.
At the budgeted revenues of $20,000,000, Taylors operating income of $2,000,000 equals 10% of revenues. Markup rate = $20,000,000 $5,000,000 = 400% of direct professional labor costs
4-8
3.
Budgeted costs Direct costs: Director, $200 3 $ 600 Partner, $100 16 1,600 Associate, $50 40 2,000 Assistant, $30 160 4,800 Indirect costs: Consulting support, 260% $9,000 Total costs
$ 9,000 23,400 $32,400
As calculated in requirement 2, the bid price to earn a 10% income-to-revenue margin is 400% of direct professional costs. Therefore, Taylor should bid 4 $9,000 = $36,000 for the Red Rooster job. Bid price to earn target operating income-to-revenue margin of 10% can also be calculated as follows: Let R = revenue to earn target income R 0.10R = $32,400 0.90R = $32,400 R = $32,400 0.90 = $36,000 Direct costs $ 9,000 Indirect costs 23,400 Operating income 3,600 Bid price $36,000
or,
4-9
4-22 1.
(1520 min.) Service industry, time period used to compute indirect cost rates.
Direct labor costs Variable overhead costs as a percentage of direct labor costs Variable overhead costs (Percentage direct labor costs) Fixed overhead costs Total overhead costs Total overhead costs as a percentage of direct labor costs
JanMarch $400,000
AprilJune $280,000
JulySept $250,000
OctDec $270,000
Total $1,200,000
90%
60%
60%
60%
$360,000 300,000 $660,000
$168,000 300,000 $468,000
$150,000 300,000 $450,000
$162,000 300,000 $462,000
$ 840,000 1,200,000 $2,040,000
165%
167%
180%
171%
170%
Job 332 Direct materials Direct labor costs Overhead allocated (variable + fixed) (165%; 180%; 170% of $6,000) Full cost of Job 332
Budgeted Overhead Rate Used JanMarch JulySept Average Rate Rate Yearly Rate $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 9,900 $25,900 10,800 $26,800 10,200 $26,200
(a)
The full cost of Job 332, using the budgeted overhead rate of 165% for JanuaryMarch, is $25,900. The full cost of Job 332, using the budgeted overhead rate of 180% for JulySeptember, is $26,800. The full cost of Job 332, using the annual budgeted overhead rate of 170%, is $26,200.
(b)
(c) 2.
Budgeted fixed overhead rate based on annual fixed overhead costs and annual direct labor costs = $1,200,000 $1,200,000 = 100% Budgeted Variable Overhead Rate Used JanuaryMarch JulySept rate rate $10,000 $10,000 6,000 6,000 5,400 6,000 $27,400 3,600 6,000 $25,600
Job 332 Direct materials Direct labor costs Variable overhead allocated (90%; 60%; of $6,000) Fixed overhead allocated (100% of $6,000) Full cost of Job 332
4-10
(a) The full cost of Job 332, using the budgeted variable overhead rate of 90% for JanuaryMarch and an annual fixed overhead rate of 100%, is $27,400. (b) The full cost of Job 332, using the budgeted variable overhead rate of 60% for JulySeptember and an annual fixed overhead rate of 100%, is $25,600. 3. If Printers, Inc. sets prices at a markup of costs, then prices based on costs calculated as in Requirement 2 (rather than as in Requirement 1) would be more effective in deterring clients from sending in last-minute, congestion-causing orders in the JanuaryMarch time frame. In this calculation, more variable manufacturing overhead costs are allocated to jobs in the first quarter, reflecting the larger costs of that quarter caused by higher overtime and facility and machine maintenance. This method better captures the cost of congestion during the first quarter.
4-23 1.
(1015 min.) Accounting for manufacturing overhead. Budgeted manufacturing overhead rate = $7,500, 000 250,000
= $30 per machine-hour 2. Work-in-Process Control 7,350,000 Manufacturing Overhead Allocated 7,350,000 (245,000 machine-hours $30 per machine-hour = $7,350,000)
3. $7,350,000 $7,300,000 = $50,000 overallocated, an insignificant amount of actual manufacturing overhead costs $50,000 $7,300,000 = 0.66%. Manufacturing Overhead Allocated 7,350,000 Manufacturing Department Overhead Control Cost of Goods Sold
7,300,000 50,000
4-11
4-24
(3545 min.) Job costing, journal entries.
Some instructors may also want to assign Exercise 4-25. It demonstrates the relationships of the general ledger to the underlying subsidiary ledgers and source documents. 1. An overview of the product costing system is:
INDIRECT COST POOL
Manufacturing Overhead
COST ALLOCATION BASE
Direct Manufacturing Labor Costs
COST OBJECT: PRINT JOB
Indirect Costs Direct Costs
DIRECT COST
Direct Materials
Direct Manuf . Labor
4-12
2. & 3. This answer assumes COGS given of $4,020 does not include the writeoff of overallocated manufacturing overhead. 2.
(1) Materials Control Accounts Payable Control (2) Work-in-Process Control Materials Control (3) Manufacturing Overhead Control Materials Control (4) Work-in-Process Control Manufacturing Overhead Control Wages Payable Control (5) Manufacturing Overhead Control Accumulated Depreciationbuildings and manufacturing equipment (6) Manufacturing Overhead Control Miscellaneous accounts (7) Work-in-Process Control Manufacturing Overhead Allocated (1.60 $1,300 = $2,080) (8) Finished Goods Control Work-in-Process Control (9) Accounts Receivable Control (or Cash) Revenues (10) Cost of Goods Sold Finished Goods Control (11) Manufacturing Overhead Allocated Manufacturing Overhead Control Cost of Goods Sold 800 800 710 710 100 100 1,300 900 2,200 400 400 550 550 2,080 2,080 4,120 4,120 8,000 8,000 4,020 4,020 2,080 1,950 130
4-13
3.
Bal. 12/31/2008 (1) Purchases Bal. 12/31/2009 100 800 90 Materials Control (2) Issues (3) Issues 710 100
Bal. 12/31/2008 (2) Direct materials (4) Direct manuf. labor (7) Manuf. overhead allocated Bal. 12/31/2009
Work-in-Process Control 60 (8)Goods completed 710 1,300 2,080 30 Finished Goods Control 500 (10) Goods sold 4,120 600 Cost of Goods Sold (11) Adjust for overallocation
4,120
Bal. 12/31/2008 (8) Goods completed Bal. 12/31/2009
4,020
(10) Goods sold Bal. 12/31/2009
4,020 3,890
130
(3) (4) (5) (6) Bal.
Indirect materials Indirect manuf. labor Depreciation Miscellaneous
Manufacturing Overhead Control 100 (11) To close 900 400 550 0 Manufacturing Overhead Allocated 2,080 (7) Manuf. overhead allocated Bal.
1,950
(11) To close
2,080 0
4-14
4-25 (35 minutes) Journal entries, T-accounts, and source documents. 1. i. Direct Materials Control 124,000 Accounts Payable Control 124,000 Source Document: Purchase Invoice, Receiving Report Subsidiary Ledger: Direct Materials Record, Accounts Payable ii. Work in Process Control a 122,000 Direct Materials Control 122,000 Source Document: Material Requisition Records, Job Cost Record Subsidiary Ledger: Direct Materials Record, Work-in-Process Inventory, Records by Jobs iii. Work in Process Control 80,000 Manufacturing Overhead Control 54,500 Wages Payable Control 134,500 Source Document: Labor Time Records, Job Cost Records Subsidiary Ledger:, Manufacturing Overhead Records, Employee Labor Records, Work-inProcess Inventory Records by Jobs iv. Manufacturing Overhead Control 129,500 Salaries Payable Control 20,000 Accounts Payable Control 9,500 Accumulated Depreciation Control 30,000 Rent Payable Control 70,000 Source Document: Depreciation Schedule, Rent Schedule, Maintenance wages due, Invoices for miscellaneous factory overhead items Subsidiary Ledger: Manufacturing Overhead Records v. Work in Process Control 200,000 Manufacturing Overhead Allocated ($80,000 $2.50) Source Document: Labor Time Records, Job Cost Record Subsidiary Ledger: Work-in-Process Inventory Records by Jobs
200,000
vi. Finished Goods Control b 387,000 Work in Process Control 387,000 Source Document: Job Cost Record, Completed Job Cost Record Subsidiary Ledger: Work-in-Process Inventory Records by Jobs, Finished Goods Inventory Records by Jobs vii. Cost of Goods Sold c 432,000 Finished Goods Control Source Document: Sales Invoice, Completed Job Cost Record Subsidiary Ledger: Finished Goods Inventory Records by Jobs viii. Manufacturing Overhead Allocated Manufacturing Overhead Control Cost of Goods Sold 4-15
432,000
200,000 184,000 16,000
Source Document: Prior Journal Entries ix. Administrative Expenses 7,000 Marketing Expenses 120,000 Salaries Payable Control 30,000 Accounts Payable Control 90,000 Accumulated Depreciation, Office Equipment 7,000 Source Document: Depreciation Schedule, Marketing Payroll Request, Invoice for Advertising, Sales Commission Schedule. Subsidiary Ledger: Employee Salary Records, Administration Cost Records, Marketing Cost Records. a Materials used = Beginning direct materials inventory + Purchases Ending direct materials inventory = $9,000 + $124,000 $11,000 = $122,000 b Cost of goods manufactured = Beginning WIP inventory + Manufacturing cost Ending WIP inventory = $6,000 + ($122,000 + $80,000 + $200,000) $21,000 = 387,000 c Cost of Goods Sold = Beginning fin. goods inventory + Cost of goods manuf. Ending fin. goods inventory = $69,000 + $387,0000 $24,000 = $432,000
4-16
2.
T-accounts
Bal. 1/1/2008 (1) Purchases Bal. 12/31/2008
Direct Materials Control 9,000 (2) Materials used 124,000 11,000
122,000 Issues
Work-in-Process Control Bal. 1/1/2008 6,000 (6) Cost of goods manufactured 387,000 (2) Direct materials used 122,000 (3) Direct manuf. labor 80,000 (5) Manuf. overhead allocated 200,000 Bal. 12/31/2008 21,000 Finished Goods Control 69,000 (7) Cost of goods sold 387,000 24,000 Cost of Goods Sold 432,000 (8) Adjust for overallocation
Bal. 1/1/2008 (6) Cost of goods manuf. Bal. 12/31/2008
432,000
(7)
Goods sold
16,000
(3)Indirect labor (4) Supplies (4) Miscellaneous (4 Depreciation (4) Rent Bal.
Manufacturing Overhead Control 54,500 (8) To close 20,000 9,500 30,000 70,000 0 Manufacturing Overhead Allocated 200,000 (5) Manuf. overhead allocated Bal.
184,000
(8) To close
200,000 0
4-17
4-26
(45 min.) Job costing, journal entries.
Some instructors may wish to assign Problem 4-24. It demonstrates the relationships of journal entries, general ledger, subsidiary ledgers, and source documents. 1. An overview of the product-costing system is
INDIRECT COST POOL
Manufacturing Overhead
COST ALLOCATION BASE
Machine-Hours
COST OBJECT PRODUCT
Indirect Costs Direct Costs
DIRECT COSTS
Direct Materials
Direct Manuf. Labor
2. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10a) (10b)
Amounts in millions. Materials Control Accounts Payable Control Work-in-Process Control Materials Control Manufacturing Department Overhead Control Materials Control Work-in-Process Control Wages Payable Control Manufacturing Department Overhead Control Wages Payable Control Manufacturing Department Overhead Control Accumulated Depreciation Manufacturing Department Overhead Control Various liabilities Work-in-Process Control Manufacturing Overhead Allocated Finished Goods Control Work-in-Process Control Cost of Goods Sold Finished Goods Control Accounts Receivable Control (or Cash ) Revenues 150 150 145 145 10 10 90 90 30 30 19 19 9 9 63 63 294 294 292 292 400 400
4-18
The posting of entries to T-accounts is as follows: Materials Control 12 (2) 150 (3) Work-in-Process Control 2 (9) 145 90 63 6 Cost of Goods Sold 292 5
Bal. (1)
145 10
Bal. (2) (4) (8) Bal.
294
Bal. (9)
Finished Goods Control 6 (10a) 294 Manufacturing Department Overhead Control 10 (11) 30 19 9 Accounts Payable Control (1)
292
(10a) (11)
(3) (5) (6) (7)
68
Manufacturing Overhead Allocated (11) 63 (8) 63
150
Wages Payable Control (4) (5) Various Liabilities (7)
90 30
Accumulated Depreciation (6)
19
9
(10b)
Accounts Receivable Control 400
Revenues (10b)
400
The ending balance of Work-in-Process Control is $6. 3. (11) Manufacturing Overhead Allocated Cost of Goods Sold Manufacturing Department Overhead Control Entry posted to T-accounts in Requirement 2. 63 5 68
4-19
4-27
(15 min.) Job costing, unit cost, ending work in progress.
1. Direct manufacturing labor rate per hour Manufacturing overhead cost allocated per manufacturing labor-hour Direct manufacturing labor costs Direct manufacturing labor hours ($275,000 $25; $200,000 $25) Manufacturing overhead cost allocated (11,000 $20; 8,000 $20) Job Costs May 2009 Direct materials Direct manufacturing labor Manufacturing overhead allocated Total costs 2. Number of pipes produced for Job M1 Cost per pipe ($570,000 1,500) 3. Finished Goods Control Work-in-Process Control
$25 $20 Job M1 $275,000 11,000 $220,000 Job M1 $ 75,000 275,000 220,000 $570,000
Job M2 $200,000 8,000 $160,000 Job M2 $ 50,000 200,000 160,000 $410,000
1,500 $380
570,000 570,000
4. Raymond Company began May 2009 with no work-in-process inventory. During May, it started and finished M1. It also started M2, which is still in work-in-process inventory at the end of May. M2s manufacturing costs up to this point, $410,000, remain as a debit balance in the Work-in-Process Inventory account at the end of May 2009.
4-20
4-28 1.
(2030 min.) Job costing; actual, normal, and variation from normal costing. Actual direct cost rate for professional labor = $58 per professional labor-hour Actual indirect cost rate
Budgeted direct cost rate for professional labor
= =
$744,000 15,500 hours $960,000 16,000 hours $720,000 16,000 hours
= $48 per professional labor-hour = $60 per professional labor-hour = $45 per professional labor-hour (c) Variation of Normal Costing $60 (Budgeted rate) $45 (Budgeted rate)
Budgeted indirect cost rate =
Direct-Cost Rate Indirect-Cost Rate
(a) (b) Actual Normal Costing Costing $58 $58 (Actual rate) (Actual rate) $48 $45 (Actual rate) (Budgeted rate)
2.
Direct Costs Indirect Costs Total Job Costs
(a) (b) (c) Actual Normal Variation of Costing Costing Normal Costing $58 120 = $ 6,960 $58 120 = $ 6,960 $60 120 = $ 7,200 48 120 = 5,760 45 120 = 5,400 45 120 = 5,400 $12,720 $12,360 $12,600
All three costing systems use the actual professional labor time of 120 hours. The budgeted 110 hours for the Pierre Enterprises audit job is not used in job costing. However, Chirac may have used the 110 hour number in bidding for the audit. The actual costing figure of $12,720 exceeds the normal costing figure of $12,360 because the actual indirect-cost rate ($48) exceeds the budgeted indirect-cost rate ($45). The normal costing figure of $12,360 is less than the variation of normal costing (based on budgeted rates for direct costs) figure of $12,600, because the actual direct-cost rate ($58) is less than the budgeted direct-cost rate ($60).
4-21
Although not required, the following overview diagram summarizes Chiracs job-costing system.
INDIRECT COST POOL Audit Support
COST ALLOCATION BASE
Professional Labor-Hours
COST OBJECT: JOB FOR AUDITING PIERRE & CO .
Indirect Costs Direct Costs
DIRECT COST Professional Labor
4-22
4-29 (30 min.) Job order costing: actual, normal, and variation from normal costing. 1a. Actual costing Direct cost rate = Actual professional labor costs Actual professional labor-hours = $1,320,000 22,000 hours = $60 per professional-hour Indirect cost rate = Actual support costs Actual professional labor-hours = $2,400,000 22,000 hours = $109.09 per professional-hour 1b. Normal costing Budgeted professional hours = Budgeted hours per lawyer Number of lawyers = 2500 8 = 20,000 hours Direct cost rate = Actual professional labor costs Actual professional labor-hours = $1,320,000 22,000 hours = $60 per professional-hour
Indirect cost rate = Budgeted support costs Budgeted professional labor-hours = $2,000,000 20,000 hours = $100 per professional-hour 1c. Variation from normal costing that uses budgeted rates for direct costs
Direct cost rate Budgeted professional labor costs Budgeted professional labor-hours = $1,100,000 20,000 hours = $55 per professional-hour
Indirect cost rate = Budgeted support costs Budgeted professional labor-hours = $2,000,000 20,000 hours = $100 per professional-hour 2. The costs of Ari Apostolus will under each method follow: a. Actual Costing Direct costs 4,000 hours $60 per hour $240,000 Indirect costs 4,000 hours $109.09 per hour 436,360 Total costs $676,360 b. Normal Costing Direct costs 4,000 hours $60 per hour Indirect costs 4,000 hours $100 per hour Total costs c. Variation from normal costing Direct costs 4,000 hours $55 per hour Indirect costs 4,000 hours $100 per hour Total costs 4-23
$240,000 400,000 400,000 $640,000
$220,000 $620,000
4-30 (30 min.) Proration of overhead. 1. Budgeted manufacturing
overhead rate
=
Budgeted manufacturing overhead cost Budgeted direct manufacturing labor cost $100,000 50% of direct manufacturing labor cost $200,000
2. Overhead allocated = 50% Actual direct manufacturing labor cost = 50% $220,000 =$110,000 Overallocated plant overhead = Actual plant overhead costs Allocated plant overhead costs = $106,000 $110,000 = $4,000 Overallocated plant overhead = $4,000 3a. All overallocated plant overhead is written off to cost of goods sold. Both work in process (WIP) and finished goods inventory remain unchanged. Proration of $4,000 Dec. 31, 2009 Balance Overallocated (Before Proration) Manuf. Overhead Account (1) (2) WIP $ 50,000 $ 0 Finished Goods 240,000 0 Cost of Goods Sold 560,000 4,000 Total $850,000 $4,000 3b. Overallocated plant overhead prorated based on ending balances:
Dec. 31, 2009 Balance (Before Proration) (1) $ 50,000 240,000 560,000 $850,000 Balance as a Percent of Total (2) = (1) $850,000 0.0588 0.2824 0.6588 1.0000 Proration of $4,000 Overallocated Manuf. Overhead (3) = (2) $4,000 0.0588 $4,000 =$ 235 0.2824 $4,000 = 1,130 0.6588 $4,000 = 2,635 $4,000 Dec. 31, 2009 Balance (After Proration) (4) = (1) (3) $ 49,765 238,870 557,365 $846,000
Dec. 31, 2009 Balance (After Proration) (3) = (1) (2) $ 50,000 240,000 556,000 $846,000
Account WIP Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Total
3c. Overallocated plant overhead prorated based on 2009 overhead in ending balances:
Dec. 31, 2009 Balance (Before Proration) (1) $ 50,000 240,000 560,000 $850,000 Allocated Manuf. Overhead in Dec. 31, 2009 Balance (2) $ 10,000a 30,000b 70,000c $110,000 Allocated Manuf. Overhead in Dec. 31, 2009 Balance as a Percent of Total (3) = (2) $110,000 0.0909 0.2727 0.6364 1.0000 Proration of $4,000 Overallocated Manuf. Overhead (4) = (3) $4,000 0.0909 $4,000=$ 364 0.2727 $4,000= 1,091 0.6364 $4,000=$2,545 $4,000 Dec. 31, 2009 Balance (After Proration) (5) = (1) (4) $ 49,636 238,909 557,455 $846,000
Account WIP Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Total
4-24
a,b,c
Overhead allocated = Direct manuf. labor cost 50% = $20,000; 60,000; 140,000 50%
4. Writing off all of the overallocated plant overhead to Cost of Goods Sold (CGS) is usually warranted when CGS is large relative to Work-in-Process and Finished Goods Inventory and the overallocated plant overhead is immaterial. Both these conditions apply in this case. ROW should write off the $4,000 overallocated plant overhead to Cost of Goods Sold Account. 4-31 (2030 min) 1. Job costing, accounting for manufacturing overhead, budgeted rates.
An overview of the job-costing system is:
INDIRECT COST POOL
Machining Department Manufacturing Overhead
Finishing Department Manufacturing Overhead
COST ALLOCATION BASE
Machine-Hours in Machining Dept.
Direct Manufacturing Labor Costs in Finishing Dept.
COST OBJECT: COST OBJECT: PRODUCT JOB
Indirect Costs Direct Costs
DIRECT COST
Direct Materials
Direct Manufacturing Labor
2.
Budgeted manufacturing overhead divided by allocation base: a. Machining Department: $10,000,000 = $50 per machine-hour 200,000 b. Finishing Department: $8,000,000 $4,000,000 = 200% of direct manufacturing labor costs
4-25
3.
Machining Department overhead, $50 130 hours Finishing Department overhead, 200% of $1,250 Total manufacturing overhead allocated Total costs of Job 431: Direct costs: Direct materialsMachining Department Finishing Department Direct manufacturing labor Machining Department Finishing Department Indirect costs: Machining Department overhead, $50 130 Finishing Department overhead, 200% of $1,250 Total costs
$6,500 2,500 $9,000
4.
$14,000 3,000 600 1,250 $6,500 2,500
$18,850
9,000 $27,850
The per-unit product cost of Job 431 is $27,850 200 units = $139.25 per unit The point of this part is (a) to get the definitions straight and (b) to underscore that overhead is allocated by multiplying the actual amount of the allocation base by the budgeted rate. 5. Manufacturing overhead incurred (actual) Manufacturing overhead allocated 220,000 hours $50 11,000,000 200% of $4,100,000 Underallocated manufacturing overhead $ 200,000 Overallocated manufacturing overhead Total overallocated overhead = $300,000 $200,000 = $100,000 Machining $11,200,000 Finishing $7,900,000
8,200,000 $ 300,000
6. A homogeneous cost pool is one where all costs have the same or a similar cause-andeffect or benefits-received relationship with the cost-allocation base. Solomon likely assumes that all its manufacturing overhead cost items are not homogeneous. Specifically, those in the Machining Department have a cause-and-effect relationship with machine-hours, while those in the Finishing Department have a cause-and-effect relationship with direct manufacturing labor costs. Solomon believes that the benefits of using two cost pools (more accurate product costs and better ability to manage costs) exceeds the costs of implementing a more complex system.
4-26
4-32 1.
(1520 min.) Service industry, job costing, law firm.
INDIRECT COST POOL COST ALLOCATION BASE
}
Legal Support
Professional Labor-Hours
COST OBJECT: JOB FOR CLIENT
Indirect Costs Direct Costs
DIRECT COST
Professional Labor
2.
Budgeted professional = Budgeted direct labor compensation per professional labor-hour direct cost rate Budgeted direct labor-hours per professional $104,000 = 1,600 hours = $65 per professional labor-hour
Note that the budgeted professional labor-hour direct-cost rate can also be calculated by dividing total budgeted professional labor costs of $2,600,000 ($104,000 per professional 25 professionals) by total budgeted professional labor-hours of 40,000 (1,600 hours per professional 25 professionals), $2,600,000 40,000 = $65 per professional labor-hour. 3. Budgeted indirect = cost rate Budgeted total costs in indirect cost pool Budgeted total professional labor-hours $2,200,000 = 1,600 hours 25 $2,200,000 = 40,000 hours = $55 per professional labor-hour Richardson $ 6,500 5,500 $12,000 Punch $ 9,750 8,250 $18,000
4. Direct costs: Professional labor, $65 100; $65 150 Indirect costs: Legal support, $55 100; $55 150
4-27
4-33
(2530 min.) Service industry, job costing, two direct- and indirect-cost categories, law firm (continuation of 4-32).
Although not required, the following overview diagram is helpful to understand Keatings jobcosting system.
INDIRECT COST POOL COST ALLOCATION BASE
}
General Support
Secretarial Support
Professional Labor-Hours
Partner Labor-Hours
COST OBJECT: JOB FOR CLIENT
Indirect Costs Direct Costs
DIRECT COST
Professional Partner Labor
Professional Associate Labor
1. Budgeted compensation per professional Divided by budgeted hours of billable time per professional Budgeted direct-cost rate *Can also be calculated as
Can
Professional Professional Partner Labor Associate Labor $ 200,000 $80,000 1,600 $125 per hour*
=
1,600 $50 per hour
= $125 = $ 50
Total budgeted partner labor costs Total budgeted partner labor - hours
$200,000 5 $1,000,000 = 1,600 5 8,000
also be calculated as
Total budgeted associate labor costs $80,000 20 $1,600,000 = = Total budgeted associate labor - hours 1,600 20 32,000
2. Budgeted total costs Divided by budgeted quantity of allocation base Budgeted indirect cost rate
General Secretarial Support Support $1,800,000 $400,000 40,000 hours 8,000 hours $45 per hour $50 per hour
4-28
3. Direct costs:
Professional partners, $125 60; $125 30 Professional associates, $50 40; $50 120
Richardson $7,500 2,000 $ 9,500 4,500 3,000 7,500 $17,000 Richardson Single direct - Single indirect (from Problem 4-32) Multiple direct Multiple indirect (from requirement 3 of Problem 4-33) Difference $12,000 17,000 $ 5,000 undercosted $
Punch $3,750 6,000 $ 9,750 6,750 1,500 8,250 $18,000 Punch $18,000 18,000 0 no change
Direct costs Indirect costs: General support, $45 100; $45 150 Secretarial support, $50 60; $50 30 Indirect costs Total costs 4.
The Richardson and Punch jobs differ in their use of resources. The Richardson job has a mix of 60% partners and 40% associates, while Punch has a mix of 20% partners and 80% associates. Thus, the Richardson job is a relatively high user of the more costly partner-related resources (both direct partner costs and indirect partner secretarial support). The refined-costing system in Problem 4-32 increases the reported cost in Problem 4-32 for the Richardson job by 41.7% (from $12,000 to $17,000).
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4-34
(2025 min.) Proration of overhead.
1. Budgeted manufacturing overhead rate is $4,800,000 ? 80,000 hours = $60 per machine-hour.
2. Manufacturing overhead = Manufacturing overhead Manufacturing overhead underallocated incurred allocated = $4,900,000 $4,500,000* = $400,000 Write-off to Cost of Goods Sold
Account Balance (Before Proration) (2) $ 750,000 1,250,000 8,000,000 $10,000,000 $ 0 Write-off of $400,000 Underallocated Manufacturing Overhead (3) 0 Account Balance (After Proration) (4) = (2) + (3) $ 750,000 1,250,000 8,400,000 $10,400,000
*$60 75,000 actual machine-hours = $4,500,000
a.
Account (1) Work in Process Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Total
400,000 $400,000
b. Proration based on ending balances (before proration) in Work in Process, Finished Goods and Cost of Goods Sold.
Account Balance Account (Before Proration) (1) (2) Work in Process $ 750,000 ( 7.5%) 0.075 $400,000 = $ 30,000 Finished Goods 1,250,000 (12.5%) 0.125 $400,000 = 50,000 Cost of Goods Sold 8,000,000 (80.0%) 0.800 $400,000 = 320,000 Total $10,000,000 100.0% $400,000 Proration of $400,000 Underallocated Manufacturing Overhead (3) Account Balance (After Proration) (4) = (2) + (3) $ 780,000 1,300,000 8,320,000 $10,400,000
c. Proration based on the allocated overhead amount (before proration) in the ending balances of Work in Process, Finished Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold. Account Allocated Overhead Account Balance Included in Proration of $400,000 Balance (Before the Account Balance Underallocated (After Account Proration) (Before Proration) Manufacturing Overhead Proration) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) = (2) + (5) 0.0533 $400,000 = $
Work in Process Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Total $ 750,000 $ 240,000 1,250,000 8,000,000 660,000
a
( 5.33%) 21,320 (14.67%) 0.1467 $400,000 = 58,680 0.8000 $400,000 = (80.00%) 320,000 100.00% $400,000
$
771,320 1,308,680 8,320,000
b
3,600,000
c
$10,000,000 $4,500,000
$10,400,000
4-30
a
$60 4,000 machine-hours; $60 11,000 machine-hours; $60 60,000 machine-hours
b
c
4-31
3. Alternative (c) is theoretically preferred over (a) and (b). Alternative (c) yields the same ending balances in work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold that would have been reported had actual indirect cost rates been used. Chapter 4 also discusses an adjusted allocation rate approach that results in the same ending balances as does alternative (c). This approach operates via a restatement of the indirect costs allocated to all the individual jobs worked on during the year using the actual indirect cost rate. 4-35 1a. (15 min.) Normal costing, overhead allocation, working backward. Manufacturing overhead allocated = 200% Direct manufacturing labor cost $3,600,000 = 2 Direct manufacturing labor cost Direct manufacturing labor cost = $3,600,000 = $1,800,000 2
b.
Total manufacturing = Direct material + Direct manufacturing + Manufacturing cost used labor cost overhead allocated $8,000,000 Direct material used = Direct material used + $1,800,000 + $3,600,000 = $2,600,000
2.
Work in Process + Total manufacturing cost = Cost of goods manufactured + Work in Process 12/31/2009 1/1/2009
Denote Work-in-process on 12/31/2009 by X $320,000 + $8,000,000 = $7,920,000 + X X = $400,000 Work-in-process inventory, 12/31/09 = $400,000.
4-32
4-36 (40 min.) Proration of overhead with two indirect cost pools. 1.a. C & A department: Overhead allocated = $40 4,000 Machine hours = $160,000 Underallocated overhead = Actual overhead costs Overhead allocated = $163,000 160,000 = $3,000 underallocated
1.b. Finishing department: Overhead allocated = $50 per direct labor-hour 2,000 direct labor-hours = $100,000 Overallocated overhead = Actual overhead costs Overhead allocated = $87,000 100,000 = $13,000 overallocated 2a. All overallocated overhead is written off to cost of goods sold. Both Work in Process and Finished goods inventory remain unchanged. Proration of $10,000 Overallocated Overhead (2) 0 0 +$3,000 $13,000 $ 10,000 Dec. 31, 2008 Balance (After Proration) (3) = (1) + (2) $ 150,000 250,000 1,590,000 $1,990,000
Account WIP Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Total
Dec. 31, 2008 Balance (Before Proration) (1) $ 150,000 250,000 1,600,000 $2,000,000
2b. Overallocated overhead prorated based on ending balances
Dec. 31, 2008 Balance (Before Proration) (1) $ 150,000 250,000 1,600,000 $2,000,000 Balance as a Percent of Total (2) = (1) $2,000,000 0.075 0.125 0.800 1.000 Proration of $10,000 Overallocated Overhead (3) = (2) 10,000 0.075 $10,000 = $ 750 0.125 $10,000 = 1,250 0.800 $10,000 = 8,000 $10,000
Account
WIP Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Total
Dec. 31, 2008 Balanc (After Proration) (4) = (1) (3) $ 149,250 248,750 1,592,000 $1,990,000
2c. Overallocated overhead prorated based on overhead in ending balances. (Note: overhead must be allocated separately from each department. This can be done using the number of machine hours/direct labor hours as a surrogate for overhead in ending balances.)
4-33
For C & A department:
Allocated Overhead in Dec. 31, 2008 Balance (1) 200 $40 = $ 8,000 600 $40 = 24,000 3,200 $40 = 128,000 $160,000 Allocated Overhead in Dec. 31, 2008 Balance as a Percent of Total (2) = (1) $160,000 0.05 0.15 0.80 1.00 Proration of $3,000 Underallocated Overhead (3) = (2) $3000 0.05 $3,000 = $ 150 0.15 $3,000 = 450 0.80 $3,000 = 2,400 $3,000
Account WIP Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Total
For finishing department:
Allocated Overhead in Dec. 31, 2008 Balance as a Percent of Total (5) = (4) $100,000 0.05 0.20 0.75 1.00 Proration of $13,000 Underallocated Overhead (6) = (5) $13,000
Account WIP Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Total
Allocated Overhead in Dec. 31, 2008 Balance (4) 100 $50 = $ 5,000 400 $50 = 20,000 1,500 $50 = 75,000 $100,000
0.05 $13,000 = $ 650 0.20 $13,000 = 2,600 0.75 $13,000 = 9,750 $13,000
Account WIP Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Total
Dec. 31, 2008 Balance (Before Proration) (7) $ 150,000 250,000 1,600,000 $2,000,000
Underallocated/ Overallocated Overhead (8) = (3) (6) $150 $650 = $ (500) $450 $2,600 = (2,150) $2,400 $9,750 = (7,350) $(10,000)
Dec. 31, 2009 Balance (After Proration) (9) = (7) + (8) $ 149,500 247,850 1,592,650 $1,990,000
3. The first method is simple and Cost of Goods Sold accounts for 80% of the three account amounts. The amount of overallocated and underallocated overhead is also immaterial. Allocation to the other two accounts is minimal. Therefore, write-off to cost of goods sold is the most cost effective alternative.
4-34
4-37
(35 min.) General ledger relationships, under- and overallocation.
The solution assumes all materials used are direct materials. A summary of the T-accounts for Needham Company before adjusting for under- or overallocation of overhead follows: Direct Materials Control
1-1-2008 Purchases 12-31-2008
Work-in-Process Control
20,000 Transferred to 380,000 finished goods 940,000 360,000 480,000 300,000
30,000 Material used for 1-1-2008 400,000 manufacturing 380,000 Direct materials 50,000 Direct manuf. Labor Manuf. overhead allocated 12-31-2008
Finished Goods Control
1-1-2008 10,000 Cost of goods Transferred in sold from WIP 940,000 12-31-2008 50,000 Finished goods 900,000 sold
Cost of Goods Sold
900,000
Manufacturing Overhead Control
Manufacturing overhead costs 540,000
Manufacturing Overhead Allocated
Manufacturing overhead allocated to work in process
480,000
1.
From Direct Materials Control T-account, Direct materials issued to production = $380,000 that appears as a credit. Direct manufacturing labor costs Direct manufacturing wage rate per hour $360,000 = = 24,000 hours $15 per hour Manufacturing = Direct manufacturing overhead rate labor hours = 24,000 hours $20 per hour = $480,000 =
2.
Direct manufacturing labor-hours
Manufacturing overhead allocated
3.
From the debit entry to Finished Goods T-account, Cost of jobs completed and transferred from WIP = $940,000 From Work-in-Process T-account, Work in process inventory = $20,000 + $380,000 + $360,000 + $480,000 $940,000 on 12/31/2008 = $300,000
4.
5. From the credit entry to Finished Goods Control T-account, Cost of goods sold (before proration) = $900,000
4-35
6.
Manufacturing overhead underallocated
Debits to Manufacturing Credit to Manufacturing Overhead Allocated Overhead Control = $540,000 $480,000 = $60,000 underallocated =
7.
a. b.
Write-off to Cost of Goods Sold will increase (debit) Cost of Goods Sold by $60,000. Hence, Cost of Goods Sold = $900,000 + $60,000 = $960,000. Proration based on ending balances (before proration) in Work in Process, Finished Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold.
Account balances in each account after proration follows:
Proration of $60,000 Account Balance Underallocated (Before Proration) Manufacturing Overhead (2) (3) $ 300,000 (24%) 0.24 $60,000 = $14,400 50,000 ( 4%) 0.04 $60,000 = 2,400 900,000 (72%) 0.72 $60,000 = 43,200 $1,250,000 100% $60,000 Account Balance (After Proration) (4)=(2)+(3) $ 314,400 52,400 943,200 $1,310,000
Account (1) Work in Process Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold
8. Needhams operating income using write-off to Cost of Goods Sold and Proration based on ending balances (before proration) follows:
Write-off to Cost of Goods Sold Revenues Cost of goods sold Gross margin Marketing and distribution costs Operating income/(loss) $1,090,000 960,000 130,000 140,000 $ (10,000) Proration Based on Ending Balances $1,090,000 943,200 146,800 140,000 $ 6,800
9. If the purpose is to report the most accurate inventory and cost of goods sold figures, the preferred method is to prorate based on the manufacturing overhead allocated component in the inventory and cost of goods sold accounts. Proration based on the balances in Work in Process, Finished Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold will equal the proration based on the manufacturing overhead allocated component if the proportions of direct costs to manufacturing overhead costs are constant in the Work in Process, Finished Goods and Cost of Goods Sold accounts. Even if this is not the case, the prorations based on Work in Process, Finished Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold will better approximate the results if actual cost rates had been used rather than the write-off to Cost of Goods Sold method. Another consideration in Needhams decision about how to dispose of underallocated manufacturing overhead is the effects on operating income. The write-off to Cost of Goods Sold will lead to an operating loss. Proration based on the balances in Work in Process, Finished Goods, and Cost of Goods Sold will help Needham avoid the loss and show an operating income. The main merit of the write-off to Cost of Goods Sold method is its simplicity. However, accuracy and the effect on operating income favor the preferred and recommended proration approach.
4-36
4-38
(4055 min.) Overview of general ledger relationships.
1. & 3. An effective approach to this problem is to draw T-accounts and insert all the known figures. Then, working with T-account relationships, solve for the unknown figures (here coded by the letter X for beginning inventory figures and Y for ending inventory figures). Materials Control 15,000 (1) 85,000 100,000 30,000 Work-in-Process Control 10,000 (4) 70,000 150,000 90,000
X Purchases Y
70,000 70,000
X (1) DM (2) DL (3) Overhead (a) (c) Y
305,000
310,000 320,000 5,000 3,000 23,000 Finished Goods Control 20,000 (5) 305,000 325,000 25,000 Cost of Goods Sold 300,000 (d)
305,000
X (4) Y (5)
300,000 300,000
6,000 87,000
(a) (b) (d)
Manufacturing Department Overhead Control 85,000 (d) 1,000 1,000 Manufacturing Overhead Allocated 93,000 (3) (c)
90,000 3,000
Manufacturing overhead cost rate = $90,000 $150,000 = 60% Wages Payable Control (a) Various Accounts (b) 6,000
1,000
4-37
2.
Adjusting and closing entries: (a) Work-in-Process Control Manufacturing Department Overhead Control Wages Payable Control To recognize payroll costs (b) Manufacturing Department Overhead Control Various accounts To recognize miscellaneous manufacturing overhead (c) Work-in-Process Control Manufacturing Overhead Allocated To allocate manufacturing overhead 5,000 1,000 6,000 1,000 1,000 3,000 3,000
Note: Students tend to forget entry (c) entirely. Stress that a budgeted overhead allocation rate is used consistently throughout the year. This point is a major feature of this problem.
(d) Manufacturing Overhead Allocated 93,000 Manufacturing Department Overhead Control 87,000 Cost of Goods Sold 6,000 To close manufacturing overhead accounts and overallocated overhead to cost of goods sold An overview of the product-costing system is
INDIRECT COST POOL
Manufacturing Overhead
COST ALLOCATION BASE
Direct Manufacturing Labor Costs
COST OBJECT: JOB
Indirect Costs Direct Costs
DIRECT COST
Direct Materials
Direct Manufacturing Labor
3.
See the answer to 1.
4-38
4-39 (30 min.) Allocation and proration of overhead. 1. Budgeted overhead rate = Budgeted overhead costs Budgeted labor costs = 1,500 2,000 = 75% of labor cost 2. Ending work in process Job 1 25 20 15 60 Job 2 15 32 24 71 Total 40 52 39 131
Direct material costs Direct labor costs Overhead (0.75 Direct labor costs) Total costs
Cost of goods sold = Beginning WIP + Manufacturing costs Ending WIP = 0 + (900 + 1,800 + 1,800 0.75) 131 = 3,919 3. Overhead allocated = 0.75 1,800 = 1,350 Overallocated overhead = Actual overhead Allocated overhead = 1,250 1,350 = 100 overallocated 4.a. All overallocated overhead is written off to cost of goods sold. WIP inventory remains unchanged. Dec. 31, 1762 Account Balance Account (Before Proration) (1) (2) Work-in-Process 131 Cost of goods sold 3,919 4,050 4b.
Dec. 31, 1762 Balance (Before Proration) (2) 131 3,919 4,050
Write-off of 100 Overallocated overhead (3) 0 (100) (100)
Dec. 31, 1762 Account Balance (After Proration) (4) = (2) + (3) 131 3,819 3,950
Dec. 31, 1762 Balance (After Proration) (5) = (2) + (4) 128 3,822 3,950
Overallocated overhead prorated based on ending balances
Balance as a Percent of Total (3) = (2) 4,050 0.03 0.97 1.00 Proration of 100 Overallocated Overhead (4) = (3) 100 (3) (97) (100)
Account (1) Work-in-Process Cost of Goods Sold
5. Writing off all of the overallocated overhead to Cost of Goods Sold (CGS) is warranted when CGS is large relative to Work-in-Process Inventory and Finished Goods Inventory and the overallocated overhead is immaterial. Both these conditions apply in this case. Franklin & Son Printing should write off the 100 overallocated overhead to Cost of Goods Sold account.
4-39
4-40 1.
(20 min.) Job costing, contracting, ethics. Direct manufacturing costs: Direct materials Direct manufacturing labor Indirect manufacturing costs, 150% $6,000 Total manufacturing costs $25,000 6,000
$31,000 9,000 $40,000
Aerospace bills the Navy $52,000 ($40,000 130%) for 100 X7 seats or $520 ($52,000 100) per X7 seat. 2. Direct manufacturing costs: Direct materials Direct manufacturing labora Indirect manufacturing costs, 150% $5,000 Total manufacturing costs
$25,000 5,000
$30,000 7,500 $37,500
a
$6,000 $400 ($25 16) setup $600 ($50 12) design
Aerospace should have billed the Navy $48,750 ($37,500 130%) for 100 X7 seats or $487.50 ($48,750 100) per X7 seat. 3. The problems the letter highlights (assuming it is correct) include the following: a. Costs included that should be excluded (design costs) b. Costs double-counted (setup included as both a direct cost and in an indirect cost pool) c. Possible conflict of interest in Aerospace Comfort purchasing materials from a family-related company Steps the Navy could undertake include the following: (i) Use only contractors with a reputation for ethical behavior as well as quality products or services. (ii) Issue guidelines detailing acceptable and unacceptable billing practices by contractors. For example, prohibiting the use of double-counting cost allocation methods by contractors. (iii) Issue guidelines detailing acceptable and unacceptable procurement practices by contractors. For example, if a contractor purchases from a family-related company, require that the contractor obtain quotes from at least two other bidders. (iv) Employ auditors who aggressively monitor the bills submitted by contractors. (v) Ask contractors for details regarding determination of costs.
4-40
4-41 (35 min.) Job costing-service industry. 1. Tours in Process (TIP) June 30, 2009 Cost of Materials Labor Overhead Total d Tours (1) (2) (3) = 150% (2) (4) June $250 $400 $600 $1,250 350 200 300 850 $600 $600 $900 $2,100 Materials Labor Overhead Total (1) (2) (3) = 150% (2) (4) $ 400 $ 700 $1,050 $2,150 475 700 1,050 2,225 275 400 600 1,275 $1,150 $1,800 $2,700 $5,650
2. Complete (CCT) in 2009
Band As I Lay Dieing Ask Me Later Total Band Grunge Express Different Strokes Maybe Tomorrow Total
3. Overhead allocated = 1.50 1,400a = $2,100 Underallocated overhead = Actual overhead Allocated overhead = $2,500 2,100 = $400 underallocated
a
Total labor in June = $100+$300+$400+$200+$400 = $1,400
4a. Underallocated overhead is written off to CCT CIP inventory remains unchanged. June 30, 2009 Balance (Before Proration) (1) $2,100 5,650 $7,750
June 30, 2009 Balance (Before Proration) (1) $2,100 5,650 $7,750
Account CIP CCT
Proration of $400 Underallocated Overhead (2) $0 400 $400
June 30, 2009 Balance (After Proration) (3) = (1) + (2) $2,100 6,050 $8,150
Proration of $400 Underallocated Overhead (3) = (2) $400 0.271 $400 =$108 0.729 $400 = 292 $400 June 30, 2009 Balance (After Proration) (4) = (1) + (3) $2,208 5,942 $8,150
4b.
Underallocated overhead prorated based on ending balances
Balance as a Percent of Total (2) = (1) $7,750 0.271 0.729 1.000
Account TIP CCT
4c.
Underallocated overhead prorated based on June overhead in ending balances
June 30, 2009 Balance Overhead allocated in June Included in Overhead allocated in June Included in Proration of $400 Underallocated June 30, 2009 Balance
Account
4-41
TIP CCT
(Before Proration) (1) $2,100 5,650 $7,750
June 30, 2009 Balance (2) $ 900a 1,200b $2,100
June 30, 2009 as a Percent of Total (3) = (2) $2,100 0.43 0.57 1.00
Overhead (4) = (3) $400 0.43 $400 =$172 0.57 $400 = 228 $400
(After Proration) (5) = (1) + (4) $2,272 5,878 $8,150
a
June labor for As I Lay Dieing and Ask Me Later 150% = ($400 + $200) 150% = $600 150% = $900 June labor for Grunge Express, Different Strokes and Maybe Tomorrow 150% = ($100 + $300 + $400) 150% = $800 $150 = $1,200
b
5. I would choose the method in 4c because this method results in account balances based on actual overhead allocation rates. The account balances before proration in TIP and CCT are significant and underallocated overhead is material. Furthermore, the ratio of ending balances in TIP and CCT is different from the ratio of overhead allocated to each of these accounts in June.
4-42