SHEET, STUDY MIDTERM #2
HISTORY 1003
PROF. MARCHAND
SPRING 2008
Terms:
Estates General- French quasi-parliamentary body called in 1789 to deal with the financial
problems that afflicted France at that same time. It had not met since 1614.
National Assembly- governing body of France that succeeded the Estates-General in 1789 during
the French Revolution. It was composed of, and defined by, the delegates of the Third Estate
First EstateSecond EstateThird Estate- delegates from the common class to the Estates General, the French legislature,
whose refusal to capitulate the nobility and clergy in 1789 led to the Revolution
Levee en masse- denotes a short-term requisition of all able-bodied men to defend the nation and
has to be viewed in connection with the political events in revolutionary France, namely the new
concept of the democratic citizen as opposed to a royal subject.
The Convention- During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in
France, comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly which sat from September 20,
1792 to October 26, 1795 (the 4th of Brumaire of the year IV under the French Republican
Calendar adopted by the Convention). It held executive power in France during the first years of
the French First Republic. It was succeeded by the Directory, commencing November 2, 1795.
Prominent members of the original Convention included Maximilien Robespierre of the Jacobin
Club, Jean-Paul Marat (affiliated with the Jacobins, though never a formal member), and
Georges Danton of the Cordeliers.
The MaximumCommittee of Public Safety- political body during the French Revolution that was controlled by
the Jacobins, who enforced party rule by executing thousands during the Reign of Terror,
September 1793-July 1794
Napoleonic Code- legal code drafted by Napoleon in 1804; it distilled different legal traditions to
create one uniform law. The code confirmed the abolition of feudal privileges of all kinds and
set the conditions for exercising property rights
Battle of Waterloo- fought on Sunday 18 June 1815,[6] was Napoleon Bonaparte's last battle. His
defeat put a final end to his rule as Emperor of the French. Waterloo also marked the end of the
period known as the Hundred Days, which began in March 1815 after Napoleon's return from
Elba, where he had been exiled after his defeats at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and the
campaigns of 1814 in France. After Napoleon returned to power, many states which had
previously resisted his rule formed the Seventh Coalition and began to mobilise armies to oppose
him. The first two armies to assemble, close to the French north eastern border, were a Prussian
army under the command of Gebhard von Blcher and an Anglo-allied army under the command
of the Duke of Wellington. Napoleon chose to attack them in the hope of destroying them before
they, with other members of the Seventh Coalition (who were not such an immediate threat),
could join in a coordinated invasion of France. The campaign consisted of four major battles Quatre Bras (16 June), Ligny (16 June), Waterloo (18 June), and Wavre (18 June-19 June) - with
Waterloo proving decisive.
Congress of Vienna- 1814-1815- international conference to reorganize Europe after the
downfall of Napoleon. European monarchies agreed to respect each others borders and to
cooperate in guarding against future revolutions and war
Revolutions of 1830- a were a revolutionary wave in Europe. The key events were the two
"romantic" revolutions : In the United Kingdom of the Netherlands: The Belgian revolution In
France: The July revolution The nineteenth century is marked in Europe by a set of civil wars
which marks the wake of the European nations and the establishment of nation states.
Revolutions of 1848- known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of
Revolution, appeared to be a revolutionary wave which erupted in Sicily and then, further
triggered by the revolutions of 1848 in France, soon spread to the rest of Europe and as far afield
as Brazil. These European revolutions were the violent consequences of such a wide variety of
causes that it is difficult to view them as resulting from any kind of movement or coherent social
phenomenon. Changes had been taking place in Europe in the first half of the 19th century. In
politics, both bourgeois reformers and radical politicians were seeking change in their nations'
governments. In society, technological change was creating new ways of life for the working
classes, a popular press extended political awareness, and new values and ideas such as
liberalism, nationalism and socialism began to spring up. The straw that broke the proverbial
camel's back was a series of economic downturns and crop failures that left the peasants and the
poor working classes starving.
Putting-out system- was a means of subcontracting work. It was also known as the workshop
system. In putting-out, work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed
the work in their own facility, usually their own home. It was used in the English textile, in small
arms, and lock making trades as late as the 19th century. David Hounshell writes, "In 1854, the
British obtained their military small arms through a system of contracting with private
manufacturers located principally in the Birmingham and London areas.... Although significant
variation occurred, almost all of the contractors manufactured parts or fitted them through a
highly decentralized, putting-out process using small workshops and highly skilled labor. In
small arms making as in lock production, the 'workshop system' rather than the 'factory system'
was the rule." (Hounshell 1984, p. 17) It was replaced by inside contracting and the factory
system. All of the processess were done under different cottage roofs.
Liberalism- political and social theory that advocates representative government, free trade, and
freedom of speech and religion
Radicalism- widely used term in nineteenth century Europe that referred to those individuals and
political organizations that favored the total reconfiguration of Europes old state system
Conservatism- reactionary mode of thinking that held tradition, including hereditary monarchy,
would dispel the divisive ideas of the Enlightenment
February Revolution (France, 1848)- in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led
to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852). The revolution established the
principle of the "right to work" (droit au travail), and decided to establish "National Workshops"
for the unemployed. At the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the
Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc, with the object of preparing a scheme
for the organization of labour. These tensions between liberal Orleanist and Radical Republicans
and Socialists would cause the June Days Uprising a few months later.
Frankfurt Parliament (Assembly?)- an 1848 gathering of delegates from all German states that
attempted to unify them into one nation. The liberal agenda and squabbling over whose plan for
the nation was best led to the failure of the gathering
Zollverein- German for "customs union") or German Customs Union was formed among the
majority of the states of the German Confederation in 1834 during the Industrial Revolution to
remove internal customs barriers, although upholding a protectionist tariff system with foreign
trade partners. The main ideological contributor behind the customs union was Friedrich List, an
economist holding mercantilist and protectionist views.
National Liberals- was a German political party which flourished between 1867 and 1918. It
was formed by those Prussian liberals who put aside their differences with Bismarck over
domestic policy due to their support for his highly successful foreign policy, which resulted in
the unification of Germany. Its first chairman was Rudolf von Bennigsen.
Cavour- (August 10, 1810 June 7, 1861) was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian
unification. He was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and ruled it
throughout the Second Italian War of Independence and Garibaldi's campaigns to unite Italy
(besides a small six-month resignation from the post). Cavour died only three months after the
declaration of a united Kingdom of Italy, but did not live to see Venetia or Rome included in the
kingdom.
Risorgimento (Italian unification)- was the political and social movement that unified different
states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. There is a lack of consensus on the
exact dates for the beginning and the end of Italian reunification, but many scholars agree that
the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and
approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last citt irredente did
not join the Kingdom of Italy until the Italian victory in World War I.
Big Germany, Little Germany solutions- Little Germany - borders would exclude Austria
and would be a protestant state and the capital would be Berlin. Big Germany : Borders of New
Germany should be old German State (including Austria) and it would have been Catholic and
the capital would be Vienna. Austrian Liberals agreed with Big Germany. But the Little
Germany Solution was the one chosen. It was decided at the Frankfurt parliament after the
spring revolution of 1848 to decide the future of Germany
The Commune- is a kind of intentional community where most resources are shared and there is
little or no personal property (as opposed to a community that only shares housing).
(Baron) Georges Haussmann- Hired by Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon in 1853. He
was a city engineer and bureaucrat who distrusted democracy. He thought Paris was dirty and :
destroyed the narrow streets, created large boulevards to see monuments (and making it in
possible for rebels to build barricades), rebuilt the sewer system (dissipating the cholera plague),
built many parks and softened the industrialization, put in railroads in the city for easier loading,
new architecture (glass and iron), built department stores (Gallery of Laffeyette), the Eiffel tower
(first monument with electricity). Forced to resign in 1869 after they realized how much he
spent after he built the opera house.
Zionism- formally founded in 1897, a political movement holding that the Jewish people
constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland, originally advocating the
reestablishment of Jewish homeland in Palestine
Emile Zola Jaccuse!- was an open letter published on January 13, 1898 in the newspaper
L'Aurore by the influential writer mile Zola. The letter was addressed to President of France
Flix Faure and accused the government of anti-Semitism and the unlawful jailing of Alfred
Dreyfus. Dreyfus was a French General Staff officer sentenced for espionage to penal servitude
for life. Zola pointed out judicial errors and lack of serious evidence. The letter was printed on
the first page of the newspaper and caused a stir in France and abroad. Zola was prosecuted and
found guilty of libel on February 23, 1898. To avoid imprisonment he fled to England and
returned home in June 1899. Other pamphlets proclaiming Dreyfus' innocence include Bernard
Lazare's A Miscarriage of Justice: The Truth about the Dreyfus Affair (November 1896). As a
result of the popularity of the letter, even in the English-speaking world, J'accuse! has become a
common generic expression of outrage and accusation against a powerful person.
Congo Free (Independent?) State- large colonial state in Africa created by Leopold II, king of
Belgium, during the 1880s, and ruled by him alone. After reports of mass slaughter and
enslavement, the Belgian parliament took the land and formed a Belgian colony
Treaty ports- were port cities in China, Japan and Korea opened to foreign trade by the Unequal
Treaties, i.e., imposed by Western naval powers and Japan on militarily helpless Asian states.
The first five treaty ports in China were established at the conclusion of the First Opium War by
the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. The second group was set up following the end of the Arrow War
in 1860 and eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China alone, as well as
more in other East Asian nations
Treaty of Nanjing- 1842- treaty between China and Britain following the Opium War; it called
for indemnities, the opening of new ports, and the cession of Hong Kong to the British
Askenazi (eastern) JewsPogroms- from Russian: to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against
a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their
homes, businesses and religious centers. Usually pogroms are accompanied with physical
violence against the targeted people and even murder or massacre. The term has historically been
used to denote extensive violence, either spontaneous or premeditated, against Jews, but has been
applied to similar incidents against other, mostly minority, groups.
Jihad DeclarationBattle of the Somme- fought in the summer and autumn of 1916, was one of the largest battles of
the First World War. With more than one million casualties, it was also one of the bloodiest
battles in human history. The Allied forces attempted to break through the German lines along a
25-mile (40 km) front north and south of the River Somme in northern France. One purpose of
the battle was to draw German forces away from the Battle of Verdun; however, by its end the
losses on the Somme had exceeded those at Verdun.
Bosnia-Herzegovina- Where Arch Duke Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914. Belonged
Austrian-Hungary Empire. Many of the Pan-Slavs wanted freedom.
Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?- was a French abb and statesman, one of the chief theorists
of the French Revolution, French Consulate, and First French Empire. His 1789 pamphlet What
is the Third Estate? became the manifesto of the Revolution that helped transform the EstatesGeneral into the National Assembly in June 1789. In 1799, he was the instigator of the coup
d'tat of 18 Brumaire, which brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power. He was also a pioneer of the
social sciences, and was the first to use the term "sociologie" (French for "sociology"). Sieys &
his party spoke the language democracy unlike Jean Joseph Mounier & his party the
Monarchiens.
Tennis Court Oath- was a pivotal event during the French Revolution. The Oath was a pledge
signed by 576 members out of 577 of France's Third Estate and a few members of the First
Estate during a meeting of the Estates-General of 20 June 1789 in a tennis court near the Palace
of Versailles. As of 17 June 1789 this group began to call themselves the National Assembly,[1]
which became the name of the primary French legislative body. On the morning of 20 June the
deputies were shocked to discover the doors to their chamber locked and guarded by soldiers.
Immediately fearing the worst and anxious that a royal coup was imminent, the deputies
congregated in a nearby indoor handball court where they took a solemn collective oath "never to
separate, and to meet wherever circumstances demand, until the constitution of the kingdom is
established and affirmed on solid foundations".[2] The deputies pledged to continue to meet until
a constitution had been written, despite the royal prohibition. The oath was both a revolutionary
act, and an assertion that political authority derived from the people and their representatives
rather than from the monarch himself. Their solidarity forced Louis XVI to order the clergy and
the nobility to join with the Third Estate in the National Assembly
Robespierre- is one of the best-known leaders of the French Revolution. He studied at College of
Louis-le-Grand in Paris and became a lawyer. His supporters called him "The Incorruptible." He
was an influential member of the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period
of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror that ended with his arrest and
execution in 1794.
Supreme BeingThermidor- was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named
after the French word thermal which comes from the greek word "Thermos" which means heat.
Thermidor was the second month of the summer quarter (mois d't). It started July 19 or July
20. It ended August 17 or August 18. It follows the Messidor and precedes the Fructidor. During
Year 2, it was sometimes called Fervidor
18th Brumaire- the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the coup d'tat
by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory, replacing it with the Consulate.
This occurred on 9 November 1799, which was 18 Brumaire, Year VIII under the French
Republican Calendar.
Civil Oath of the ClergyVendeeMetternich- was an Austrian politician, statesman, and one of the most important diplomats of
his era. He was a major figure on the negotiations leading to the Congress of Vienna and is
considered both a paradigm of foreign policy management and a major figure on the
development of diplomacy.
Enclosure- long process of privatizing what had been public agricultural land in the eighteenth
century that changed the nature of economic activity in England.
Proletariat- "offspring") is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class
is proletarian. Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their
sons; the term was initially used in a derogatory sense, until Karl Marx used it as a sociological
term to refer to the working class.
Greek War of Independence- was a successful war waged by the Greeks to win independence for
Greece from the Ottoman Empire. After a long and bloody struggle, and with the aid of the Great
Powers, independence was finally granted the by Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832. The
Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples to secure recognition as an
independent sovereign power. The anniversary of Independence Day (25 March 1821) is a
National Day in Greece, which falls on the same day as the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary.
Philhellenism- ("the love of Greek culture") was the intellectual fashion at the turn of the 19th
century that led Europeans like Lord Byron to lend their support for the Greek movement
towards independence from the Ottoman Empire. Byron provided some more concrete assistance
in commissioning several seagoing war vessels which proved to be useful in the successful
Greek War of Independence in the early 1820s.
The June Days- refers to the French workers' revolt on June 21, 1848, after the closure of the
National Workshops created by the Second Republic to give work to the unemployed. The
uprising lasted five days, until June 26, 1848. The repression, led by general Cavaignac, killed
1,500, while 15,000 prisoners were deported to Algeria. Cavaignac was then named head of the
executive power while Louis Blanc was judicially persecuted by the government. This marked
the end of the hopes of a "Democratic and Social Republic" (Rpublique dmocratique et
sociale) and the victory of the liberals over the Radical Republicans.
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)- was the first President of the French Republic and the only
emperor of the Second French Empire. He holds the unusual distinction of being both the first
titular president and the last monarch of France.
Bismarck- Germany's Cavor. In 1862 William (the King of Prussia) asked him to work for him.
He was very conservative and an enemy of the 1848 Revolution. But he noticed that Germany's
military was doing poorly and that Prussia's army was not as strong as the Austrians. He faced
resistance from liberals but realized after watching Cavor the importance of liberals to unify the
state. He attempted to unify Prussia and provoked a series of small wars (1864, he started a war
with Denmark. And then he started Austro-Prussian war, which he lost in 7 weeks because he
isolated them and fought them while fighting another war.)
Garibaldi- was an Italian military and political leader. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari
Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. He then contributed
to the independence of Uruguay, leading the Italian Legion in the Uruguayan Civil War, and
afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento. He has been
dubbed the "Hero of the Two Worlds" in tribute to his military expeditions in both South
America and Europe.[1] He is considered an Italian national hero.
Franco-Prussian War- often referred to in France as the 1870 War[8] (19 July 1870 10 May
1871) was a conflict between France and Prussia, which was backed by the North German
Confederation and the South German states of Baden, Wrttemberg and Bavaria. The thorough
Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of the German Empire under
King William I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second
French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, the territory
of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain
until after World War I.
Dreyfus Affair- the 1894 French scandal surrounding accusations that a Jewish captain, Alfred
Dreyfus, sold military secrets to the Germans. Convicted. Dreyfus was sentenced to life in
prison. However, after public outcry, it was revealed that the trial documents were forgeries and
Dreyfus released.
Indian mutiny- 1857 was a prolonged period of armed uprisings in different parts of India against
British occupation of that part of the subcontinent. Small precursors of brewing discontent
involving incidences of arson in cantonment areas began to manifest themselves in January.
Later, a large-scale rebellion broke out in May and turned into what may be called a full-fledged
war in the affected regions. This war brought about the end of the British East India Company's
rule in India, and led to direct rule by the British government (British Raj) of much of the Indian
subcontinent for the next 90 years, although some states retained nominal independence under
their respective Rajas, or kings.
Opium war- 1839-1842- war fought between the British and Qing China to protect British trade
in opium; resulted in the ceding of Hong Kong to the British
Spheres of influencePan-Germans- was a political movement of the 19th century aiming for unity of the Germanspeaking peoples of Europe
Armenian massacres- refers to the slaughter[1] and fatal deportation of hundreds of thousands to
over a million Armenians as well as intentional and irreversible ruination of their economic and
cultural life environments during the government of the Young Turks from 1915 to 1917 in the
Ottoman Empire.[2] It is widely acknowledged to have been the first true genocide,[3][4] and
Western sources sometimes point to the sheer scale of the death toll as evidence for a systematic,
organized plan to eliminate the Armenians
Revolution of 1905- was an empire-wide struggle of both anti-government and undirected
violence which swept through vast areas of Russia in 1905. It was not controlled or managed,
and it had no single cause or aim, but instead was the culmination of decades of unrest and
dissatisfaction stemming from the autocratic rule of the Romanov dynasty and the slow pace of
reform in Russian society. The direct cause was the abject failure of the Tsar's military forces in
the initially-popular Russo-Japanese War, which set off a series of revolutionary activities,
sometimes by mutinous soldiers, other times by revolutionary societies.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand- (1863-1914)- of Austria and heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire;
his assassination led to the beginning of World War I
The Black Hand- was a secret society founded in Serbia in May 1911[1][2] as part of the PanSlavism nationalist movement, with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing Serb
populations (notably Bosnia and Herzegovina, annexed by Austria-Hungary in October 1908).
The society's implication in the June 1914 assassination in Sarajevo of Franz Ferdinand,
Archduke of Austria is considered to have been the main catalyst to the start of World War I.
Short Essay:
1. The causes of the French Revolution
a. Political and Social Inequalities France still practised feudalism in the 18th century. The
nobles and clergy enjoyed special privileges. They did not have to pay taxes. The
common people did not have power and freedom in politics. They worked hard and had
to pay heavy taxes. The nobles and clergy made up the First and Second Estates in the
Estates General. The common people (i.e. the middle class (bourgeoisie), peasants and
artisans) made up the Third Estate. The nobles and clergy could outvote the common
people easily though the Estates General was always not called by the king, who ruled as
an absolute monarch. The common people became discontented with the privileged
classes.
b. Bankruptcy of the Government Louis XIV had spent too much. His successors did not
cut down expenses. Louis XVI also failed to improve the financial situation. He
dismissed ministers who tried to introduce financial reforms. By 1789, the government
was bankrupt.
c. Influence of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution The ideas and writings
of Enlightenment thinkers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau became widespread.
The French people were inspired to go against their king. The success of the Americans
to overthrow British rule encouraged the French to fight for their freedom.
d. Outbreak of revolution 1789 When Louis XVI finally called the Estates General to
solve financial difficulties, the Third Estate did not agree with the unfair system of the
Estates General. They formed the National Assembly to make a constitution. People were
afraid that the king would suppress the National Assembly. They were also discontented
that the king dismissed Necker, the popular Finance Minister. The hungry Parisians, who
suffered from bad harvest, burst out their anger by attacking the Bastille prison (for
political prisoners). The Fall of Bastille started the French Revolution. It spread out to
other parts of France
2. The course of the French Revolution (from the liberal revolution of 1789 to the Terror,
and its end in Thermidor)
3. The rise of Napoleon and the consequences of the Napoleonic Wars
a. The Napoleonic Wars brought great changes to Europe. Though Napoleon
brought most of Western Europe under his rule (a feat not seen since the days of
the Roman Empire, although Charlemagne reduced a large area of central Europe
into a single empire), a state of constant warfare between France and the
combined other major powers of Europe for over two decades finally took its toll.
By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, France no longer held the role of the
dominant power in Europe, as it had since the times of Louis XIV.The United
Kingdom emerged as, arguably, the most powerful country in the world. Britain's
Royal Navy held unquestioned naval superiority throughout the world and her
industrial economy made it the most powerful commercial country as well.In
most European countries, the importation of the ideals of the French Revolution
(democracy, due process in courts, abolition of privileges, etc.) left a mark. The
increasing prosperity and clout of the middle classes became incorporated into
custom and law, and the vast new wealth built on bourgeois activities, such as
commerce and industry, meant that European monarchs found it difficult to
restore pre-revolutionary absolutism, and had perforce to keep some of the
reforms brought about during Napoleon's rule. Institutional legacies have
remained to this day: many European countries have a civil-law legal system,
with clearly redacted codes compiling their basic laws an enduring legacy of
the Napoleonic Code. A relatively new and increasingly powerful movement
became significant. Nationalism would shape the course of much of future
European history; its growth spelled the beginning of some nations and states and
the end of others. The map of Europe changed dramatically in the hundred years
following the Napoleonic Era, based not on fiefs and aristocracy, but on the
perceived basis of human culture, national origins, and national ideology.
Bonaparte's reign over Europe sowed the seeds for the founding of the nationstates of Germany and Italy by starting the process of consolidating city-states,
kingdoms and principalities.Another concept emerged that of Europe.
Napoleon mentioned on several occasions his intention to create a single
European state, and although his defeat set the thought of a unified Europe back
over one-and-a-half centuries, the idea re-emerged after the end of the Second
World War.
4. The origins of nationalism, and its changing nature of the course of the nineteenth
century
5. The industrial revolution
a. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation had a
profound effect on socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The changes
subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and eventually the
world, a process that continues as industrialisation. The onset of the Industrial
Revolution marked a major turning point in human social history, comparable to
the invention of farming or the rise of the first city-states; almost every aspect of
daily life and human society was eventually influenced in some way. In the later
part of the 1700s the manual labour-based economy of the Kingdom of Great
Britain began to be replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of
machinery. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the
development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal.
Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and
railways. The introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and
powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic
increases in production capacity.[2] The development of all-metal machine tools in
the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more
production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread
throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century,
eventually affecting most of the world. The impact of this change on society was
enormous.[3] The First Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial
Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained
momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in
the nineteenth century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power
generation. The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with
different historians. Eric Hobsbawm held that it 'broke out' in the 1780s and was
not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s,[4] while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred
roughly between 1760 and 1830.[5] Some twentieth century historians such as
John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts have argued that the process of economic and
social change took place gradually and the term revolution is not a true
description of what took place. This is still a subject of debate amongst historians.
[6][7]
GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the
emergence of the modern capitalist economy.[8] The Industrial Revolution began
an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies
6. The revolutions of 1848 and the change fortunes of liberalism
7. The career of Napoleon III, and his remaking of Paris
8. European imperialism before 1914
9.
- IMPERIALISM IS THE EXTENSION OF SOVEREIGNTY OR
CONTROL BY ONE PEOPLE OVER ANOTHER. - IT WAS MOSTLY
DORMANT IN THE WEST DURING MOST OF THE MIDDLE AGES. - IT
FLOURISHED DURING THE AGE OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY
(1450-1650), PARTICULARLY IN THE AMERICAS AND PARTS OF ASIA. - A
GENERAL DECLINE OCCURRED IN IMPERIALISM DURING THE AGE OF
METTERNICH, WITH GOVERNMENTS CONCENTRATING PRIMARILY
ON INTERNAL PROBLEMS. - THE REVIVAL OF IMPERIALISM - THE
"NEW IMPERIALISM" TOOK PLACE BETWEEN 1870 AND 1914. REASONS FOR THE "NEW IMPERIALISM": - ECONOMICS WAS THE
MOST IMPORTANT SINGLE FACTOR IN THIS "NEW IMPERIALISM."
MUCH OF THIS ECONOMIC EMPHASIS WAS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, WHICH CREATED LARGE SURPLUSES OF
EUROPEAN CAPITAL AND HEAVY DEMANDS FOR RAW MATERIALS.
ADDITIONALLY, IT BROUGHT ABOUT THE ACCUMULATION OF
CAPITAL IN THE MAJOR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WHICH SOUGHT
INVESTMENT ABROAD. - NATIONALISM WAS ANOTHER POWERFUL
FACTOR. SOCIAL DARWINISM, WITH ITS CONCEPT OF "SURVIVAL OF
THE FITTEST" AND THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE "WHITE MAN'S
BURDEN" MADE POPULAR BY THE ENGLISHMAN RUDYARD KIPLING
CONTRIBUTED TO THE SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM IN EXTENDING
COLONIALISM. THERE WAS ALSO POLITICAL PRESTIGE IN HAVING
COLONIES AS IMPERIALISM BECAME A RACE TO ACQUIRE MORE IN
THE SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM. - A THIRD REASON FOR THIS "NEW"
IMPERIALISM WAS MILITARY. MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS IN EACH
MAJOR COUNTRY WIELDED GREAT POLITICAL POWER, AND THEY
EMPHASIZED THE NEED, WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE GOVERNMENTS,
OF CONTROLLING STRATEGIC AREAS AND ESTABLISHING KEY
MILITARY BASES. - A FOURTH REASON WAS
HUMANITARIAN/RELIGIOUS, WHICH OFTEN BECAME INTERTWINED
WITH NATIONALISM.
10. The short and long-term reasons Europe went to war in 1914
11. How the war looked in its different theaters (western front; eastern front; southeastern
front; home front)
Quiz 4
Part 1
1. Name 1 territory that belonged to the Ottoman Empire in 1871 but did not belong in 1914
a. Libya
2. Name the European powers (at least 2) with the largest holdings in Asia and Africa by
1914, and give the name of one of each of their colonies in Asia and Africa (example:
Britain: India, Egypt)
a. Africa: British, French (Algeria; morocco)
3. Be able to look at a map like the one on p. 863 and identify which states belong to the
Allied Powers, which to the Central Powers, and which states were neutral on the eve of
the war in 1914.
a. Allied- Russian, Romania, Serbia, Greece, Albania, Italy, france, Belgium, great
Britain, Ireland, Portugal, corisca, Sardinia
b. Central- german empire, autro-hungarian empire, Bulgaria, ottoman empire
c. Neutral- Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, switz, spain
4. Be able to draw the Schlieffen plan on a map.
Part 2.. All Quiet on the Western Front- Erich Maria Remarques
1. What kind of person is Paul Baumer before the war, and how does the war change him?
a. Full of life, ready to expireience and love the world, but the world turns him to a
miserable, hopeless being.
2. What does Remarque say is most important to the soldiers in the trenches? Winning the
war, impressing their superiors, having enough to eat, earning medals for bravery?
a. Having enough to eat.
3. Who is Kat? Describe his attitude towards the war. What happens to him (be precise)?
a. The old man of Paul's company and his closest friend, Kat teaches all the young
men how to survive. He is the older soldier who can get anything at the drop of a
hat.
4. How did Baumer react to his leave?
a. He wishes he never would have went home, hes distant because he feels like they
dont understand what is really going on. He is miserable that his mom has
cancer and that he has to talk to his friends mother about his death.
5. Do you think this a pro-war, or anti-war novel?
a. Anti war- the whole book is plagued with Paul and his friends getting wounded
and slaughtered. Paul realizes that its not just happening to them, but to everyone
in the war, even the enemy.