201 BSCI HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
PART I
Lecture 1
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Human? Kingdom Animalia. Man is part of the animal kingdom, the top grouping. Phylum Chordata. This phylum consists of animals with spinal cords. Class Mammalia. Man is a mammal, a warm-blooded animal who bears its young live. Order Primates. This order includes humans and all apes, monkeys, gorillas, etc. Family Hominidae. The hominids include man and his closest cousins, chimps and gorillas. Genus Homo. The family of man, including our extinct predecessors, Homo erectus and the neanderthals. Species sapiens - Homo sapiens = "Wise Man" = You and me.
ANATOMY
Anatomy the study of the parts of the body
and how they relate to each other.
Subdivisions in the fields of Anatomy: Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy the study of large body parts visible to the naked eye Regional Anatomy all the structures in a particular region of the body Systemic Anatomy structure of the body are studied by the systems Microscopic Anatomy very small structures that can not be viewed with the naked eye structures viewed by the aid of a microscope: Cytology cells viewed by the aid of microscope Histology tissues viewed by the aid of microscope Developmental Anatomy structural changes ( such as growth) that occur in the body throughout the life span
Anatomy: Study Success
1. OBSERVATION 2. MANIPULATION 3. MASTERY OF ANATOMICAL TERMS = LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
:
3 Body Planes and Sections
Frontal (Coronal ) Plane: a vertical cut that divides the body in anterior and posterior parts. Sagittal Plane: a vertical cut that divides the body into right and left parts
midsagittal plane a sagittal cut exactly on the midline that divides the body into EQUAL right and left parts Parasagittal Plane - a sagittal cut not on the midline that divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left parts
Transverse or cross sectional Plane: a horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Figure 1.7a
Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Abdominal (abdomen) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Antebrachial (forearm) Pelvic (pelvis) Carpal (wrist) Pollex (thumb) Palmar (palm) Digital (fingers) Pubic (genital region) Patellar (anterior knee) Crural (leg) Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Digital (toes) (a) Anterior
Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) Sternal (breastbone) Thoracic (chest) Mammary (breast)
Umbilical (navel)
Coxal (hip) Inguinal (groin) Femoral (thigh) Fibular, or peroneal (side of leg) Hallux (great toe)
Figure 1.7b
Cephalic (head)
Upper extremity
Manus (hand)
Lower extremity
Otic (ear) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Brachial (arm) Dorsum or dorsal (back) Olecranal (back of elbow) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttock) Perineal (region between the anus and external genitalia) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Calcaneal (heel) Plantar (sole) (b) Posterior
THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION
THE BODY IN ANATOMICAL POSITION: BODY ERECT FEET SLIGHTLY APART PALMS FACE FORWARD THUMBS POINT AWAY FROM THE BODY
Figure 1.8
Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane
Transverse plane
(a) Frontal section through torso
(b) Transverse section through torso (superior view) Posterior
(c) Median (midsagittal) section
Spleen Left and Liver Stomach Spleen right lung Heart Liver Subcutaneous Spinal cord fat layer Stomach Aorta Intestines Rectum Vertebral Pubic symphysis column
Figure 1.9
Cranial cavity (contains brain)
Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic body cavities)
Dorsal cavity
Diaphragm Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Key: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdominopelvic cavity
The Theme of COMPARTMENTALIZATION
Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) (a)
Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium
(b)
Figure 1.11
Diaphragm Liver Right Left Epigastric hypochondriac region hypochondriac Gallbladder region region Ascending colon of large intestine Right Left Umbilical Small intestine lumbar lumbar region region region Cecum Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal) (pubic) (inguinal) region region region (a) (b) Appendix Stomach Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine
Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder
Figure 1.12
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
PHYSIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY study of the function of the body's parts.
Systemic Physiology study of the function of the systems of the body. 11 organ systems in the Human Body all eleven organ systems work in unison to sustain the human body, a state referred to as HOMEOSTASIS
PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION "STRUCTURE DEFINES FUNCTION"
11 ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY
Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System
Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organismal level
The human organism is made up of many organ systems
Figure 1.1
Molecules Smooth muscle cell Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system
Heart Blood vessels
Epithelial tissue Blood Smooth vessel muscle (organ) tissue Connective tissue
Figure 1.3a-c
Hair Skin Nails
Skeletal muscles
Bones
Joint
(a) Integumentary System
(b) Skeletal System
(c) Muscular System
Figure 1.3d-f: Summary of the body's organ systems, p. 6.
Pineal gland Brain Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Spinal cord Nerves Ovary Blood vessels Pituitary gland
Heart
Sensory receptor
(d) Nervous System
(e) Endocrine System
(f) Cardiovascular System
Figure 1.3g-i: Summary of the body's organ systems, p. 7.
Red bone marrow
Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct
Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Bronchus
Oral cavity Esophagus
Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Rectum Anus
(g) Lymphatic System
(h) Respiratory System
(i) Digestive System
Figure 1.3j-l: Summary of the body's organ systems, p. 7.
Kidney Ureter Prostate gland
Mammary glands (in breasts)
Ovary Urinary bladder Urethra Penis Testis Ductus Scrotum deferens Uterus Vagina Uterine tube
(j) Urinary System
(k) Male Reproductive System
(I) Female Reproductive System
HOMEOSTASIS
All eleven organ systems work in unison to maintain HOMEOSTASIS maintenance of a relatively stable internal conditions even though the external environment is changing. Homeostatic imbalances - DISEASES
Figure 1.5
Imb
ala n
ce
Balance Response; temperature rises
Imb ala n ce
Stimulus: dropping room temperature
Heater on Effector (heater) Set point
Signal wire turns heater on Control center (thermostat)
Receptor-sensor (thermometer in thermostat)