2, Exam Human Anatomy, Fall 2006
1. Gomphoses can be a. immovable joints only, b. slightly movable joints only, c. freely movable joints only, d.
any of the above.
2. The main subtype of tissue that connects the bones in sutures is a. areolar connective tissue, b. dense regular
connective tissue, c. hyaline cartilage, d. fibrocartilage.
3. The main subtype of tissue that connects the bones in synchondroses is a. areolar connective tissue, b.
ligaments, c. hyaline cartilage, d. fibrocartilage.
4. The articular capsule of a synovial joint has two layers, the synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule. The
function of the inner layer is to a. strengthen the joint against tension, b. produce synovial fluid, c. contain all nerves and blood vessels of the joint, d. act as an articular disc.
5. The articular cartilage in synovial joints function to a. protect the end of the bone, b. soak up synovial fluid
when the joint is relaxed, c. providing a smooth surface to reduce friction in the joint, d. all of the above.
6. If you were a physical therapist and a patient came to you with a torn cartilage, which of the following would
you recommend to increase stability of the joint? A. exercise to increase muscle tone, b. exercise to increase ligament thickness, c. exercise to stimulate repair of the ton cartilage, d. rest to allow the cartilage to fully regenerate.
7. The main function of synovial fluid proteins is a. cooling, b. nourishing bone, c. lubrication, d. removing
metabolic wastes.
8. An injury in which the joint comes out of alignment is called a. arthritis, b. a sprain, c. a dislocation, d. a
compound fracture.
9. A chronic disorder of joints in which the articular cartilages degenerate and bony spurs develop is a. Lyme
disease, b. rheumatoid arthritis, c. gout, d. osteoarthritis.
10. Elasticity of skeletal muscle refers to the ability to a. regain its original shape, b. stretch out to its full length, c.
pull forcefully, d. all of these. A and B were close enough that I gave credit for either of them plus D.
11. The cell membrane of a muscle cell is called the a. saroplasm, b. sarcoplasmic reticulum, c. sarcasm, d.
sarcolemma.
12. Thick and thin muscle protein filaments are composed of a. collagen and elastin, respectively, b. elastin and
collagen, respectively, c. myosin and actin, respectively, d. actin and myosin, respectively.
13. Calcium is stored in muscle fibers in an organelle called the a. sarcoplasmic reticulum, b. sarcolemma, c.
sarcoplasm, d. myofibril.
14. T-tubules are a. part of the endomysium, b. part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, c. extensions of the cell
membrane, d. made of actin and myosin.
15. When a sarcomere shrinks, a. the A-band shrinks, b. the Z-disks get closer to each other, c. the I-band grows, d.
the area of overlap of myosin and actin shrinks.
16. When a nervous signal causes a muscle fiber to contract, the path the signal takes is a. neuron, sarcolemma, ttubule, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), b. sarcolemma, neuron, T-tubule, SR, c. neuron, SR, sarcolemma, Ttubule, d. sarcolemma, t-tubule, SR, neuron.
17. Of the various types of skeletal muscle fibers, the ones that contract the weakest are: a. slow oxidative fibers, b.
fast glycolytic fibers, c. fast oxidative fibers, d. slow glycolytic fibers.
18. Which fiber type would be in highest proportion in your biceps brachii? a. slow oxidative fibers, b. fast
glycolytic fibers, c. fast oxidative fibers, d. slow glycolytic fibers.
19. Undifferentiated muscle cells that can merge with skeletal muscles in adults for growth or healing are called a.
satellite cells, b. celestial bodies, c. comet cells, d. myotomes.
20. The muscle mass of men and women make up approx. what percent of their body mass? A. 25 and 20, b. 33 and
26, c. 40 and 30, d. 42 and 36.
21. A muscle that aids in a particular movement is called a. the origin, b. the insertion, c. the antagonist, d. the
synergist.
22. Movement of the head (e.g., flexion and extension) is achieved for the most part by muscles of the a. head, b.
anterior neck and throat, c. deep thorax, d. neck and vertebral column.
23. Muscles of the abdominal wall are primarily involved with a. head movement, b. breathing, c. flexion and
rotation of the trunk, d. all of these.
24. Muscles that move the hand as a whole are generally located in the a. hand itself, b. forearm, c. arm, d. the
anterior compartment.
25. The lateral compartment of the leg is mainly involved in a. dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot, b. plantar
flexion and of eversion the foot, c. plantar flexion and inversion of the foot, d. extension of the toes.
26. The posterior compartment of the arm (crossing elbow joint) is generally involved in a. circumduction of the
upper arm, b. flexion of the forearm, c. extension of the forearm, d. pronation of the forearm.
27. Muscles have few diseases. However, one disease that affects muscles directly (rather than via the nervous
tissue that innervates them) is a. Lupus, b. muscular sclerosis, c. arthritis, d. muscular dystrophy.
28. Visceral motor fibers are part of the a. central nervous system, b. autonomic nervous system, c. sympathetic
nervous system, d. somatic nervous system.
29. All of the following are characteristics of neurons except a) do not divide, b) short-lived, c) high metabolism, d)
can be very long.
30. The most common type of neuron in the body is a. multipolar, b. bipolar, c. unipolar, d. all are equally common. 31. Neuroglial cells that feed neurons are called a. astrocytes, b. microglia, c. Schwann cells, d. oligodendrocytes. 32. Multiple sclerosis is a disease of a. microglia, b. CSF, c. myelin sheaths, d. astrocytes. 33. When protein-gated ion channels open, sodium moves a. passively, with its charge gradient, b. actively with its
diffusion gradient, c. passively against its charge gradient, d. passively against its diffusion gradient (note: active = requires ATP).
34. What feature of neurons restores the proper ionic balance after an action potential? A. the ion channels, b. the
sodium-potassium pump, c. the myelin sheaths, d. the Nodes of Ranvier.
35. A neuron is inhibitory if it a. decreases the polarization of its target neuron, b. increases polarization of its target
neuron, c. decreases the threshold of its target neuron, d. increases the threshold of the target neuron.
36. Neurons always fire when a. stimulated, b. when threshold is met, c. when they depolarize, d. all of the above
are true. 37. Put these synaptic events in the order in which they occur (assume the synapse is excitatory): 1. diffusion of neurotransmitter across the synapse 2. action potential reaches synapse 3. neurotransmitter contacts receptor 4. vesicles merge with neuronal membrane 5. new signal starts answers: a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 b. 2, 1, 3, 4, 5 c. 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 d. 5, 2, 1, 3, 4.
38. All of the following are one of the 4 major areas of the brain except a. cerebellum, b. cerebrum, c. brain stem, d.
basal nuclei.
39. The protective tough outer covering of the brain is called the a. cortex, b. medulla, c. meninges, d. mesentaries. 40. Gray matter consists primarily of a. neurons, b. neuroglia, c. cell bodies of neurons, d. myelinated axons. 41. The primary motor cortex of the cerebrum is involved in a. simple and precise voluntary movements, b.
complex voluntary movements, c. eye movements, d. speech.
42. Broca's area a. allows us to detect our own facial movements, b. is where we perceive information from touch,
c. is the site where fine motor movements are initiated, d. is the site where speech is initiated.
43. When sensory information comes in from the nose, it goes to the _____ of the cerebral cortex: a. gustatory area,
b. primary somatosensory area, c. auditory area, d. olfactory area.
44. The area of the cerebrum that has most to do with conscious perception of the viscera (gut) is the a. insula, b.
diencephalon, c. prefrontal cortex, d. general interpretation area.
45. The primary sensory and primary motor cortexes have in common that they a. are contralateral, b. are part of the
somatic nervous system, c. are areas that perceive/control movement over a large part of the body, d. all of the above. NOTE A is correct but B is very close (not correct because it is CNS, not PNS) so I gave credit for A, B or D
46. Association fibers a. connect the two halves of the cerebrum, b. connect various parts of the same cerebral
hemisphere, c. connect the brain with the spinal cord, d. connect the spinal cord with skeletal muscles.
47. The cerebellum makes up approx. ____% of our brain: a. 85, b. 52, c. 11, d. 2. 48. The limbic system is important in a. vision, b. hearing, d. thought, d. emotion.
49. The posterior, anterior and lateral funiculi are all parts of the a. grey commisure, b. the white matter of the
spinal cord, c. the gray matter of the spinal cord, d. the cervical enlargement.
50. The area of the spinal cord where spinal taps and epidurals are done is generally the a. lumbar enlargement, b.
gray commisure, c. anterior funiculus, d. conus medularis.