Guide Study 4, Bio 227 Fall 2008
Digestive System (Chapt. 22) (intro material is on last study guide) What do the plexuses do in the alimentary tract? What are the major molecules that we digest and in what form are they absorbed? What types of enzymes digest each? What are the functions of each organ? What is the histology of each organ of the alimentary tract (i.e., how do they differ from the general plan)? Mouth: What does each type of tooth do? How many teeth are there in children and adults (usually!)? What is the specific function of the tongue? The salivary glands? Saliva? Stomach: What are the specific cells and secretions of each? What does each secretion do? What allows food in and out of the stomach? Why is this important? What special feature of the muscularis of the stomach allows churning? What feature allows expansion? Small intestine: Where do most digestive enzymes enter the small intestine (which section)? Where are the enzymes produced? What compound does each (amylases, proteases and lipases) break down? What other secretions enter the small intestine (from the pancreas and liver)? What does each do? What are the sections of the small intestine? How long is each and what is its main function? What features of the intestines increase surface area for absorption? Why is this important? Where (in which segment) does most absorption occur? What structures inside the villi are for absorption and of what molecules? Large intestine: What are the parts of the large intestine and what does each do (colon, rectum, anus)? What specializations does the large intestine have? What are the major functions of each accessory organ (salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas)? Urinary System: What are the two most important functions of the urinary system? What are the bi-products of metabolism and where do they come from? What other molecules are excreted? What is the gross anatomy of the urinary system + general function(s) of each organ? Be able to define the 3 processes (filtration, absorption and secretion) that occur in the nephron/uriniferous tubules and tell whether each is active or passive. Know the structure (histology) and function of the various parts of the nephron/uriniferous tubules (in which part of the tubules does filtration, reabsorption and secretion occur and how does the histology of the tubules relate to these functions?). What are the capillaries beds around the nephron and how this does relate to the processes of filtration, secretion and reabsorption? Renin and antidiuretic hormone - what do these hormones do? Where are they produced? What is (anatomically) the juxtaglomerular apparatus? (SKIPPED THIS YEAR) What is the functional histology of the ureters, bladder and urethra? What is the trigone? Why are women more prone to bladder infections than men?
Reproductive System: Know the general function of the system and definitions (primary sex organs, accessory organs, gonads, gametes, zygote, secondary sexual characteristics, etc.). Understand the basics of meiosis. Male reproductive system Gross anatomy what is the general structure and function of the each organ of the male tract? What is the functional histology? What is the function of the scrotum and how is this function achieved, also, what is the inguinal canal? The spermatic cord? Inguinal hernia? Spermatogenesis (understand both meiosis and spermeogenesis) how and where does it happen, how do Sertoli (= sustentacular) cells contribute? What is the bloodtestis barrier and what are the ramifications of disruption of it? What cells of the testis produce testosterone (interstitial cells)? What does a fully-developed sperm look like and how does each part of it function? Where does it mature and why? What are the 3 glands of the male tract and what are their (combined) functions? What are some problems with the prostate? How are they diagnosed? What are their cure rates? Female reproductive system Gross anatomy what are the general structure and function of the organs of the female tract? I.e., what is the functional histology of the Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina? Follicular cycle what changes do ovarian follicles undergo during development? Menstrual cycle what changes does the uterine lining undergo? Oogenesis how does it differ from spermatogenesis in terms of timing and number of gametes produced? How do the timing of the follicular cycle, the menstrual cycle and oogenesis fit together? Where does fertilization occur? What are the parts of the embryo and what are their functions? When does the placenta form? What parts are maternal and which are fetal? Breast cancer where in the breast does it usually occur? How is it diagnosed? What is the cure rate?
Format for final multiple choice (as usual) ~55% new material, ~45% old material For old material, ~50% from old exams. Other 50% general questions.