Sheet Review for Final Exam: The following 30 questions had the highest percentage incorrect for Midterm 1 and 2. These are the exact questions and multiple choice answers from your exams. I will choose 20 questions (10 from each list) to include on your final exam. *You may help each other, but I will not be available for comment on any of these questions. MIDTERM 1
A) B) C) D) 1. Which of the following factors involved in child development is NOT an environmental factor? parental involvement in school paternal IQ maternal attractiveness All of the answers are environmental factors. 2. Which of the following characteristics is entirely the result of biological endowment? intelligence mental health liking for chocolate physical appearance None of the answers is correct. 3. Which of the following views of changes in height is more likely to lead to a view that it is continuous? measuring the height of a boy at yearly intervals from birth to age 18 examining changes in height from one year to the next from birth to age 18 Both of these views make changes in height look continuous. Both of these views make changes in height look discontinuous. 4. A researcher would be MOST likely to use a longitudinal design to examine: the typical pattern of age-related changes in a particular skill. the pattern of stability and change in individual children's development in a particular area. how change in a particular skill occurs. All of the answers are correct. 5. Which of the following maternal factors does NOT have a negative impact on the health of the fetus? low socioeconomic status malnutrition emotional stress genital herpes immature eggs 6. In a study of eminent men, Francis Galton concluded that achievement and talent are due to: predominantly environment. predominantly heredity. a combination of environment and heredity. an interaction of environment and heredity. 7. Which of the following statements about the chromosomes that parents pass on to their offspring is true? Parents pass on exact copies of their chromosomes to their offspring. Parents pass on exact copies of their chromosomes to their offspring, except when a mutation occurs in the offspring's genes. Parents' chromosome pairs are shuffled randomly and crossing over occurs; thus parents pass on chromosomes that are constituted differently than their own. Parents pass on exact copies of their chromosomes to their offspring, but the genes are expressed differently because of patterns of dominance. 8. Piaget believed that nature includes children's motivation to meet these two basic functions, central to cognitive growth: adaptation and equilibration. calibration and equilibration. adaptation and organization. assimilation and organization.
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9. Longitudinal designs are particularly useful for examining: continuity and discontinuity in development. age differences on a particular variable. the processes that produce changes. All of the answers are correct.
10. Which of the following statements about fetal exposure to alcohol is NOT true? Alcohol in the mother's blood crosses the placenta into the fetus's bloodstream. The fetus smells alcohol through the amniotic sac. The fetus drinks alcohol-laden amniotic fluid. The fetus's poor ability to metabolize alcohol causes it to remain in the fetus's system for an extended period. E) All of the statements are true. 11. According to Piaget the accomplishment that characterizes the first few months of life is infants' ability to: search for hidden objects. react to the world with reflexes. repeat others' actions long after they have occurred. integrate reflexes into more complex behaviors. 12. Kim is a 4-year-old who has just been in an accident and has sustained damage to an area of the brain that is specialized for a particular skill. Her doctor tells her parents that she is lucky to be so young; she should recover her ability in this domain. Her doctor is counting on Kim's brain to: create new neurons to replace the damaged ones. become rewired as a different area takes over for the damaged area. regenerate brain tissue. direct her skeletal and muscular system to work harder at the skill. 13. Plasticity is highest and thus recovery from brain damage is most likely when ________ is occurring. neuron migration neurogenesis cell differentiation synaptic pruning 14. Which of the following increases processes the capacity of dendrites to form connections with other neurons? synaptic pruning arborization myelination formation of axon spines
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15. Which of the following statements about fetal exposure to alcohol is NOT true? Alcohol in the mother's blood crosses the placenta into the fetus's bloodstream. The fetus smells alcohol through the amniotic sac. The fetus drinks alcohol-laden amniotic fluid. The fetus's poor ability to metabolize alcohol causes it to remain in the fetus's system for an extended period. E) All of the statements are true.
MIDTERM 2
A) B) C) D) E) A) B) C) 1. During which stage does the ego develop? oral genital anal latency phallic 2. ________ is NOT a symbol. Facial expression Picture Written alphabet
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Spoken language Map 3. Measurements of intelligence directly measure: capacity to think and learn. Both answers are correct. behavior on tasks that require intelligence. Neither answer is correct. 4. The result that infants of depressed mothers tend to smile less than other infants is thought to be caused by: operant conditioning. Habituation. statistical learning. classical conditioning. 5. Binet postulated that intelligence: develops with age, and thus there are few differences among same-age individuals. is composed of high-level abilities. consists of factual knowledge about the world. is not associated with everyday matters, such as school performance. 6. Which group(s) of infants would know their own limitations if placed at the top of a steep incline? both beginning and experienced walkers but not crawlers experienced crawlers and all walkers both beginning and experienced crawlers but not walkers experienced crawlers both experienced crawlers and experienced walkers 7. Habituation to a stimulus and increased response to a novel stimulus indicate all of the following behaviors EXCEPT: a preference for the characteristics of the novel stimulus over the old one. the ability to differentiate between the two stimuli. a preference for novelty. learning. 8. ________ is(are) indicative of a possible neurological problem. Persistence of any neonatal reflexes past infancy An abnormally strong sucking reflex Persistence of the grasping reflex beyond when it is expected to disappear Both A and B Both B and C 9. According to nativist Noam Chomsky, babies are born with: knowledge of the general grammatical rules of all languages. knowledge of the specific sounds involved in language. a learning module that controls language acquisition and other aspects of cognitive functioning. the ability to take turns in an interaction with another individual. 10. By what age does a developing child's visual acuity approach that of adults? 2 weeks 8 weeks 8 months 2 years 11. According to Vygotsky, the level at which parents can optimally support children's thinking is: the level at which children can perform without assistance. a level that is slightly higher than the level at which children can perform without assistance. a level that is significantly higher than the level at which children can perform without assistance. Vygotsky does not propose an optimal level.
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12. Binet's approach to intelligence has persuaded the field of child development to: concentrate on the effect of race on intelligence. examine age-related changes in language more carefully. study the influences of nature versus nurture. focus on individual differences. 13. Private speech is conceived of by Vygotsky as a(n): example of something that adults explicitly teach children. cultural tool. step toward internalizing parents' statements. error that young children make. 14. The result that infants of depressed mothers tend to smile less than other infants is thought to be caused by: statistical learning. classical conditioning. Habituation. operant conditioning. 15. Sam and his mother are building a wooden box, using a hammer and nails. If Sam's mother would like to teach him how to hammer a nail, which of the following behaviors would NOT be considered highquality social scaffolding? hammering all of the nails in while Sam watches holding the nail while Sam hammers explaining to Sam how to hold the hammer demonstrating to Sam how to hammer the nail into the board
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