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Chapter 14
Course: BIOL 1112, Spring 2011School: Clayton
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1 Chapter14: TheOriginofSpecies SpeciesConcept Whatmakesaspeciesaspecies? Mostscientistsusethereproductionconcept:iftwo organismscanmateandproducefertileoffspring,thenthey areconsideredthesame Slidespecies Slide 2 Slide 3 Culexpipiensvs.CulexpipiensmolestusLondonMosquito LondonUnderground Slide 4 MosquitoWars? 1999:UniversityofLondon Concludedthetwowereseparatespecies becausetheycouldnotinterbreed...
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1
Chapter14:
TheOriginofSpecies
SpeciesConcept
Whatmakesaspeciesaspecies?
Mostscientistsusethereproductionconcept:iftwo
organismscanmateandproducefertileoffspring,thenthey
areconsideredthesame Slidespecies
Slide 2
Slide 3
Culexpipiensvs.CulexpipiensmolestusLondonMosquito
LondonUnderground
Slide 4
MosquitoWars?
1999:UniversityofLondon
Concludedthetwowereseparatespecies
becausetheycouldnotinterbreed
ThoughtC.molestuslivingunderground
representedspeciation
ConcludedthatC.molestusevolvedfromC.
pipiens
Slide 5
MosquitoWars?(cont.)
2004:TheUnitedStates
Performedstudytodeterminewhichtypeof
mosquitotransmittedWestNileVirus
Didgeneticstudieson7mosquitospecies
fromaroundtheworld
DeterminedthatC.molestusandC.pipiens
weresogeneticallydifferentthatonedidnot
evolvefromtheother
Slide 6
MosquitoWars?(cont.)
2004:TheUnitedStates
Alsodeterminedthat40%ofthemosquitoes
inNorthAmericahadgenesfromboth
species!
Theyareabletointerbreed?
Thecarrierbetweenbirdsandpeople?
Slide 7
MosquitoWars?(cont.)
Thepoint?
Speciesisadifficulttodefineconcept
Influencedbybehavior,geography,and
genetics
Slide 8
Taxonomy
Taxonomy:Thebranchofbiologyconcernedwith
classifyingandnaminglife
Fatheroftaxonomy:CarolusLinnaeus(1700s)
Developedbinomialnomenclature(Genus
species)forspeciesnames
Namedover11,000species
UsedGreekandLatintodescribephysical
characteristics
Homosapiens=wise,humanbeing
Slide 9
Slide 10
Arephysicalcharacteristicssufficient?
EasternMeadowlark
WesternMeadowlark
Sturnellamagna
Sturnellanelecta
Slide 11
Arephysicalcharacteristicssufficient?
SpeciesConcepts
1. Biologicalspeciesconcept
2. Morphologicalspeciesconcept
3. Ecologicalspeciesconcept
4. Phylogeneticspeciesconcept
Slide 12
BiologicalSpeciesConcept
Speciespopulation(s)oforganismscapableof
interbreedingandproducingfertileoffspring
Slide 13
MorphologicalSpeciesConcept
Speciesbasedonobservableandmeasureable
phenotypictraits
Slide 14
EcologicalSpeciesConcept
Speciesbasedonanorganismsecologicalrole
Slide 15
PhylogeneticSpeciesConcept
Phylogenetic(Tribe,Race,Birth)isthestudyofevolutionaryrelatednessamonggroups
oforganisms(e.g.species,populations),whichisdiscoveredthroughmolecular
sequencingdataandmorphologicaldatamatrices.Thetermphylogeneticsderivesfrom
theGreektermsphyle()andphylon(),denotingtribeandrace;andthe
termgenetikos(),denotingrelativetobirth,fromgenesis( )birth.
Speciesorganismswithauniquegenetichistory
Regardless,reproductiveisolationisstillgoingtobe
necessarytomaintainseparatespecies
Slide 16
ReproductiveBarriers
Iftwospeciescannotinterbreed,whatcausesit?
Twomaincategoriesofreproductivebarriers:
1. Postzygoticbarriers
Slide Prezygoticbarriers
2. 17
PrezygoticBarriers
1. Temporalisolation
2. Habitatisolation
3. Behavioralisolation
4. Mechanicalisolation
5. Gameticisolation
Slide 18
TemporalIsolation
Breedingtakesplaceatdifferenttimes(notinthe
moodatthesametime)
Slide 19
TemporalIsolation(cont.)
Slide 20
Easternspottedskunk:
breedsinlatewinter
Westernspottedskunk:
breedsinfall
TemporalIsolation(cont.)
MontereyPine:pollinatesinFebruary
BishopsPine:pollinatesin
April
Slide 21
HabitatIsolation
Speciesliveinthesamegeneralarea,butnotthe
samespecificplace
Slide 22
HabitatIsolation(cont.)
Gartersnakelivinginwater
Slide 23
Gartersnakelivingonland
BehavioralIsolation
Littleornosexualattractionbetweenthefemales
andmales
Slide 24
BehavioralIsolation(cont.)
Slide 25
MechanicalIsolation
Maleandfemalesexorgansarenotcompatible
Slide 26
MechanicalIsolation(cont.)
Slide 27
MechanicalIsolation(cont.)
Slide 28
GameticIsolation
Thegameteswontunitetoformazygote
Slide 29
PostzygoticBarriers
1. Hybridinviabilityzygote
doesnotsurvive
2. Hybridsterilityoffspring
aresterile
3. Hybridbreakdown
hybridscanreproduce,but
theiroffspringdontsurvive
Slide 30
MechanismsofSpeciation
1. Allopatricspeciation
2. Sympatricspeciation
3. Adaptiveradiation
Slide 31
ReproductiveBarriers(summary)
Slide 32
Zygote
Gametes
Prezygotic barriers
Postzygotic barriers
Temporal isolation
Habitat isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation
Hybrid inviability
Hybrid sterility
Hybrid breakdown
Viable,
fertile
offspring
AllopatricSpeciation
Allopatricspeciation:occurswhengeneflow
betweenpopulationsisblockedbygeography
Slide 33
AllopatricSpeciation(cont.)
Slide 34
AllopatricSpeciationinthelab
Initial sample
of fruit flies
Starch medium
Maltose medium
22
9
8
20
Mating frequencies
in experimental group
Different Same
Female
Starch
Maltose
Male
Maltose Starch
Male
Results of
mating experiments
Female
Same
Different
population populations
18
15
12
15
Mating frequencies
in control group
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
A pupfish
SympatricSpeciation
Sympatricspeciation:occurswhenreproductive
isolationdevelopsandanewspeciesarises
withoutgeographicisolation
Commoninplants
Oftenhappensbecauseoferrorsduringmeiosis
Slide 38
Slide 39
AdaptiveRadiation
AdaptiveRadiation:evolutionofmanynew
speciesfromacommonancestorthatwas
introducedtoanewanddiverseenvironment
Slide 40
TempoofSpeciation
Twoviewsonhowfastnewspecieshaveappeared:
1. Gradualism
2. Punctuatedequilibrium
Slide 41
Slide 42
Gradualism
Time
PunctuatedEquilibrium
Time
Slide 43
Slide 44
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