eminence medien (EM-ih-nence) region at
base
of hypothalamus containing capillory toft irrto
which hypophysiotropic hormoncs are secrered
mediated transport movement of molecules across
membrane by binding to protein transporterl
characterized by specificiry competition, and
saturation; includes facilitated diffusion and active
transpol.t
medulla oblongata (ob-long-G0T-ah) part of the
brainstem closcst to the spina.l cord; controls
manv
vegctative functions such as breathing, heart
rate
and others
medullary cardiovrecular ccntcr neuron cluster
in medulla oblongata that scrves as major
integraoing center for reflcxes afTectingheart
and
blood vcssels
medullary collecdng duct terminal component of
the nephron in which vasoprcssin-sensiti'vc passive
watcr reabsorption occurs
medullary respiratory centcr part ofthe mcdulla
oblongata involved in the neual control ofrhythmic
breathing
mcgakaryocyF (meg-ah-KAR-ee-oh-site) largc bonc
marrow cell that gives rise to platelets
meloelc (my-OH-sis) process olcell division leading
to.gamete (sperm or egg) fbrmation; daughter
cells ryeive only half the chromosomes piesent
in
original ccll
meiotic areet state ofprimary oocyes ftom fetal
development until puberty, after which meiosis is
conrpleted
melatonin an amine derived from trlptophan
produced in the pineal gland and that plays a role
in circadian rhy'thms
membrane attack complex (MAC) group of
complement proteins that form channehln microbc
surface and destroy microbe
meolbrane potentiel voltage difference between
inside and outside ofcell
memoty
see declarative memory procedural
memorg
working memory
mernory cell B cell or T cell that differentiates
during an initial infcction and responds
rapidly during subsequent exposure to same
antigen
memory encodlng
processes by which an
experience is transformed to a memory of
that
experience
menarche (MEN-ark-ee) onset, at puberry of
menstrual cycling in women
meninges (men-IN-jees) protective membranes
that
cover brain and spinal cord
menopauce (MEN-ah-paws) cessation of menstrual
rycling in middle age
menetrual cyde (MBN-stroo-al)
ryclical rise and fall
in female reproductive hormones and processes,
beginning with menstruation
mellgral phase time during menstrual cycle in
which menstrual blood is present
menstruation (men-stroo-Ay_shun) flow of
menstrual fluid from uterus; also called menstrrrel
period
menthol an alcohol derivcd from mint oil that
activates ion channels fbund in temperature
receptors that sense cool temperatures
mesangial cell modified smooth muscle cell that
surrounds renal glomerular capillary loops; they
help to control glomerular filtration rate
lsolimtf thedopamine pathway neural
through
pathway
lirnbic system thai uses doiamine as its
neurotransmitter and is involved in reward
messenget RNA (nRNA) ribonucleic acid
that
transfers genetic information for a proteinrs
amino
acid sequence from DNA to ribosomc
G-14
metabolic pathway sequence of enzyme-mcdiated
chemical reactions by which molecules are
synthesizcd and broken down in cells
metabolic rate total-body energy e4penditure per
unit timc
metaboliom (meh-TAB-uhl-izm) chemical reactions
that occur in a living organism
metabotroplc tcceptor (meh-tab_oh_TRO-pik)
mcmbrane receptor in neurons that initiates
formation of second messengers when bound
with
ligand
metartf,lole (MET*are-teer-ee_ole ) blood
directly connects arteriole and venule
MHC protetn ("hee I and claee If)
vessel that
receptor's ability to combine with antigen on
csll
rnlcelle (MY-sell) solubte cluster of amplipathic
molecules in which molecules'polar regions line
surface. and nonpolar regions orient toward
center;
fbrmed from fatty acids, monoglycerides, and
bile
salts during t'at digestiou in small intestine
microclrculation blood circulation in arterioles,
capillaries, and venules
a
type of glial cell
micolubule tubular
tiat
acts as a macrophage
cl,toplasmic filament
.o-por"j
ofthe protein tubulin; provides internal support for
cells and allowr change in cell shape and org^anelle
moyement in cell
microvillue (my-kroh-\Ill,-us) small fingerlike
projection from epithelial-cell surfacet microvilli
gready increase surface area ofcell; charactcristic
of epithelium lining small intestine and kidney
nephrons
(mik-chur-RISH-un) wination
mldbrain the most rostral section of rhe brainstem
middle ear air-filled space in tcmporal bone; contains
thrcc ear boncs that conduct sound waves from
tympanic membrane to cochlca
miqratfng myodectrtcal complex (MMC) pattern
of peristaitic that wave$ pass over small scgmcnts
of
intestine aftcr absorption ofmcal
mllh eJecdon reflcx process by which milk is moved
fiom mammary gland alvcoli into ducts, from which
it can be sucked; duo to oxwocin
rnlnerallzadon the process
of' calci$,ing bonc
collagen to form lamellar bone
mlneralocorticold (min-er-al-oh-KORI_ih-koid)
steroid hormone prcrduced by adrenal cortex; has
major cffect on sodium and potassium balance;
major mineralocorticoid is aldosteronc
mfnutg veldlation (Iz") total ventilation per minutc;
equals tidal volume times respiratory ratc
mltochondrion (my-toh-KON-dree-un) rod-shaped
or oval cytoplasmic organelle that produces mosi
ofccll's AIP; site oftr(rebs cycle and oxidative_
phosphorylation enzymes
mitogen (MY-tuh-jen) chemical that stimulates cell
division
mitoeis (my-ToH-sis) process in cell division in
which DNA is duplicated and copies of each
chromosomc are passed to daughter cells as the
nucleus divides
mitral ralve (MY-traI) valve between left atrium and
left ventriclc of'heart
ftansverse sftipe occurring at the center ofthe
A band in cardiac and skeletal muscle; location of
energy-genefating en4.rnes and proteins connecting
M line
adjacent thick fi laments
modellty (moh-DAl-ih-tee) type of sensorv sdmulus
modulator molecule ligand that, by actingat an
allosteric regulatory site, alters properties ofother
binding sites on
a
ftinctional activity
in molecule
molecule chemical substance formed by linking
atoms together
monoamlne oddace (MAO) enzyme that breal<s
down catecholamines in axon terminal and synapse
monoculal vlslon visual perception by a Sngie eyc
-:1"?t (MAH-noh-site) type of leukocyte; leaves
bloodstream and is transformed into a macrophage
a singly iodinated
tyrosine molecule that is an intermediatc in the
synthesis of thyroid hormones
monolodotylosioe (MIT)
monocacchad& (mah-noh-SAK_er_ide)
plasma
membrane protein coded for by a major
histocompatibility complex; restricts i_cell
microglia
molecular weight sum of atomic weighrs of all atoms
protein and thus regulates its
carbohydrate consisting of one sugar molcculc,
which generally contains five or sii carbon atoms
monoqmapdc rcfler (mah-noh*ih_NA_p"tik) rcfl
cx
the afferent neuron directly activates motor
::J,*l
morouncaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid, such as
oleic ocid, in which one carbon-carbon tloublc
bond
is formed within the hydrocarbon choin
due to the
removal oftwo hydrogen atoms
mood a long-term inner emotion that aftbcts how
individuals perceivc their environmcnt
motilin_ (moh TIL-in) intestinal hormone
thought
to initiate the migrating myoelectrical conrplex-in
the GI tract
motillty movement of the gastrointcstinal ffact
mediated by muscular contractions
motlvation saa primary motivated behavior
motor having to do with muscles and movement
motor cortex strip ofcerebral cortex along posterior
border offrontal lobe; gives rise to nrany-axons
descending in corticospinal and multineuronal
pathways; also called primary rn\tnr c\rtex
motor end plate specialized rcgion of muscle
cell
plasma mcmbrane that lics directly under
axon
terminal of a motor neuron
motof neufon sornatic eflerent neuron, which
innervates skeletal muscle
motor neuron pool all the motor neurons for
a
given muscle
motor program pattern ofneural activity
to perform
motof, unlt
required
certain movement
motor nuron plus the muscle
a
fibers
mnefvates
it
mouth general term fbr the expanded uppermost
portion ofthc digcstive tract
mucooa (mcw-KOH-sah) three layers of
gastrointestinal tract wall nearest lumen_that
is,
epithelium, lamina propria, and nuscularis nwm
Miilled.an duct (mulAlR-ee-an) part of
embryo
that, in a female, develops into reproductive
ducts, but in a male, degenerates
s1,st
Mrilfeden-tnhtbldng eubetance (MIS) protein
secreted by fetal testes that causcs Miillerian
to degenerate
multimeric protein
a protein in which two or
more proteins are associated via hydrogen bo
hydrophobic attracdons) and other forles, to
a single, larger
protein
multiunit smooth muscle smooth muscle
that
exhibits litde, if ang propagation of electrical
liom fiber to fibcr and whose contractile
closely coupled to its neural iuput
muscarinic recqrtor (muss-kur-IN_ik)
receptor that responds to the mushfoom
muscarinel located on smooth muscle,
muscle, some CNS neurons, and glands
muscle numbcr of muscle fibers bound
by connective tissue'
muscle cell specialized cell containing actin i
myosin filaments and capable of generating
and movement