any ant mediator that causes
circulatoty system (SlRK-you-la-tor-ee) the heart
also called chewotaxin
any c1'tokine that functions as a
ofthe body
citric acid cTcle
affcrent neuron ending (or cell
of
with it) sensitive to corcentrations
chemicals
(kee-moh-TAX-in)
rae
chemoattractant
(kee-moh-TAX-iss) movemenr of cells,
'ly phagocl'tes, in a specific direction in
to a chemical stirnulus
gastric gland cell that secretes pepsinogen,
ofpepsin
(CCK) (koh-lee-sis-toh-I(fE
raa Iftcbs cycle
classical complement pathway antibody-dependent
systcm for activating complemcnt; begins with
complement moleculc Cl
class I MHC proteins form complexes with antigcns
on all cells except crythrocl"tes; required for T-cell
recognition
claes II MHC proteins fonn complexcs with
antigens on surflce ofmacrophages, B lymphocltes,
and dendritic cells; required for T-cell recognition
clathrin
ide hormone secreted by duodenum that
gastric motility and secrction, gallbladder
and pancreatic enzyme sccretion;
satiety signal
particular steroid moleculel precursor of
hormones and bile salts and a component of
membranes
eeteaee enzyme tlat removes a fatty
molecule of esterificd cholesterol;
for the production offree cholesterol in
a
glands
(kohJin-ER-jik) pertaining to
; a compound that {cts likc
or a neujon that contains acctylcholinc
(KON-droh-site) cell t1pes that form
tendlneae (KORL-day TEN-den-ay)
fibrous cords that connect papillary
to the edges ofatrioventricular valves;
backward flow of blood during
slretole
a cytosolic protein that binds to regiclns of
thc plasma membrane ald helps initiare receptormediated endocytosis
clatlrrin-coated pits aggregations of ligand-bound
receptors on a cell membrane that pinches offand
internalized into the cell
cellsl bccomes part
clearance volume of plasma from which a particular
substance has becn completely removed in a given
time
cleawge mitotic cell division
clltoris (I(LIT-or-iss) small body ofer:ectile tissue in
fernale cxternal genitalia; homologous to pcnis
clonal deletion destruction by apoptosis in the
thymus oftJrose T cells that have receptors capable
of binding to self proteins
donal expansion lymphoryte cell divisions initiated
by binding of an antigen to a lymphocyte ccll
membranc receptor
clonal inactivation process occurring in the
periphery (that is, not in thc thymus) that
causes potentially sclf-reacting T cells to bccome
fingerlike projections
clone one ofa
set ofgenetically identical molecules,
cells, or organisms
clot solid phase of blood, formed frorn platclets,
trapped blood cells, and a polymcr ofthe protein
ofthc
ofthe
cells cxtending from the chorion
into
fibrin
oftle
uterus
(KORE-oyd) pigmented layer of eye that lies
retina
plexur highly vascular epithelial structure
portions of cerebral vcntricles; responsible for
of cercbrospinal fluid formation
(KROM-ih-tin) combination of DNA
proteins; principal component
of
retinal light-sensitive component of
highly coiled, condensed fbrm
a
of
hrmed in cell nucleus during mitosis
clotting phase transition ofblood frorn a liquid cell
suspension into a solid, gelJike mass
cochlea (KOK-lee-ah) inner ear; fluid-filled spiratshaped compartment that contairui cochlcar duct
cochlear duct (KOK-lee-er) fluid-fillcd mellbranous
tube that extends length ofinner ear, dividing it into
compartments; contains organ of Corti
coding process by which neural signals from sensory
receptors are converted into action potentials
in the CNS
codon lKOH-don) tirce -basc sequence in
mRNA that deterntines the position of a specific
amino acid during protein synthesis or.that
designates the end
(kye-loh-MYE-kron) small droplet
oflipids and protein released fron
epithelial cells into the lacteals during fat
) solution ofpartially digested food in
and intestinal lumens
mtcln
nzyme secreted by exocrine pancrcasl
ccrtain peptide bonds in proteins and
from specialized
back and lorth in a
:e-ah) hairlike projections
cells that sweep
way to propel material along epithclial
involved in movement and shape
during accommodation
*ythm
is
nonresponsive
outermost fetal membranc derived
vllll
colloid (KOLL-oid) molccule, large mainly protein,
and system ofvessels that deliver blood to all parts
(sir-KAY"dee-an) occurring
of
in an
24 h cvcle
smooth muscle layer
in stomach
walls that has musclc fibers
tially oriented around these organs
ofthe codcd sequcnce ofa
protein
coenzyme (koh-EN-zime) organic cofactor;
generally serves as a carrier that transfers atoms or
small molecular fragments from one reaction to
another; is not constrmed in the reaction and can
be reused
cofactor organic or inorganic substance that binds tc:
a specific region ofan enzyme and is necessary for
thc enzyme's activity
collpase protein secreted by pancreas that binds
lipase, bringing it in contact r.vith lipid droplets in
the small intestine
collagen fiber (KOLL-ah-jen) strong, fibrous protein
that functions as extracellular structural element in
comective tissue
colllteral branch ofa ncuron axon
collecting-duct system portior of renal tubules
between distal convoluted tubu_les and renal pelvis;
comprises czrtic&l clllecting duct and rnedwllary
collecting d.uct
to which capillaries are rclatively impermeable; also,
part of the imer structure of the thyroid gland
colon (KOH-lun) a portion of the large intestine,
specifically the part extending from cecum to
rectum
colostrum watery, protein-rich liquid secrcted by
mother's breasts fbr first 24 to 48 hours after
delivery of baby
commissure (KOM-ih-shur) bundle of nerve fibers
linking right and le& halves ofthe brain
common bile duct carries bile from gallbladder to
small intestine
competition ability of'similar molecules to combine
with the same binding sitc or receptor
complement (I(OM-plih-ment) one of a group of
plasma proteins that, upon activation, kills microbes
directly and facilitates the inflammatory proccss,
including phagorytosis
stretchability; see nho lung compliance
concentration amount ofsolutc per unit volume of
solution
concentric contracdon muscle activity that involves
shortening of muscle length
concelrtus collective term lbr the fertilized egg and
evcrything derived ftom it
conducting system network ofcardiac muscle fibers
specialized to conduct elcctrical activity between
different areas of heart
conducting zone air passages that extend from top
of trachea to beginning of respiratory bronchioles
and have walls too thick for gas exchange between
air and blood
conduction (hcat) transfbr ofthermal energy during
collisions of adjacent molecules
cone one of wo retinal rcceptor types fbr photic
cnergy; gives rise to color vision
conformation three-dimensional shape of a molecule
congenital existing at birth; usually refcrring to a
birth defbct
connective dcsue one of thc f<rur major categories
oftissues in the body; major component of
extracellular matriccs, cartilagc, and bonc
connecdve-tiesue cell cell specialized to fbrrn
extracellular elements that connect, anchor, and
support body stfuctues
conscious exlrf,lnce things ofwhich a pcrson is
aware; thoughts, foelings, perceptions, ideas, and
reasoning during any state ofconsciousness
consolldation process by which $.hort-term memories
are convertcd into long-term mcmories
contracdllty (kon-trak-Tll)-ity) force of heart
contraction that is indeperrdcnt ofsarcomere length
contraction operation of the force-gencrating process
in a muscle
cont.ac1lon dme time betwcen beginning of force
development and peak twitch tension by the muscle
contralateral on the oppositg side ofthe body
convecdori (kon-WK-shun) process by which a fluid
or gas next to a wrrm body is heatcd by conduction,
moves away, and is replaccd lry colder: fluid or gas
that in tllrn folkrws the samc cycle
convefgenc (neuronal) mffiy prc$ynaptic fleuron$
synapsirlg upon one po$tsynaptic neuron; (ofeyes)
turning ofcyes inward (that is, toward nose) to view
near objects
coopef,edvlty interaction bctwcen functional binding
sites in a multinrcric protcin
core body tcmperature tcmpcraturc of inner botly
cotnea (KOR-nec-ah) transparcnt structure covering
front ofcye; forms part of'eyc's optical systcm ant{
helps fbcus an objcct's imagc on redna
coronary arterT vesscl delivering oxygcnated blood
to t}rc muscular walls of the hcart
c-5