2/6 Psychology DSM - Diagnostics manual Depression - 5 or more for most of the day for at least 2 weeks o Loss of interest in activities once enjoyable o Increase or decrease of appetite o Insomnia or excessive sleeping o Movements: agitated (anxious) or slow o Loss of energy o Feel worthless or guilty o Reduced ability to think, concentrate, make decisions o Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide - Suicide o Warning signs: Sudden behavior changes (positive or negative) Giving away possessions Previous suicide attempts or self-injury Lack of supportive resources Access to lethal means A plan (the most important to look for) o People at increased risk: Adolescents & 65+ Divorced or single Diagnosis of psych. disorder or chronic illness Women more likely to attempt, men more likely to complete - Causes o Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine o NT imbalance o Life stressors a month before onset up to spontaneous - Prevalence o 13% of americans o More women diagnosed than men o More diagnoses and younger Bipolar Disease - Aka manic depression - Goes between mania, normal, and depression - Mania o Inflated self-esteem o Decreased need for sleep o Excessive thoughts o Racing thoughts/ideas o Easily distracted o Increased, quicker movements
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o Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with potential painful consequences Bipolar I o Between mania, normal, and depression, either one or the other. o Rapid cycling= for events a year Hypomania o Something in between normal and mania Cyclothymia Bounces o between hypomania and mild depression Bipolar not otherwise specified (NOS) o Some but don't stick to criteria Causes o Low serotonin in both mania and depression phase o Excessive norepinephrine and firing Treatment o Use antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and anti-seizues o Not anti-depressant
Nature vs. Nurture - Nature o Genes o Use twin studies Studying genetics and prenatal environments Identical Same genetics and prenatal Fraternal Diff genetics and same prenatal o Anxiety has lots of genetic correlation o Adoption studies Traits include attitudes, manners, faith, political views from adopted parents - Evolutionary psychology o We are predisposed to act in ways that enhance survival and reproduction o Criticism How to account for shifts in infant mortality Or trending towards recreational sex for women? - Nurture o Stimulation shapes brain, for neuronal strengthening or weakening o Parent influence Primary social environment Manners Belief systems Responsibility Interaction with other adults
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o Peer influence Language and word choice Cooperation Dress Interaction with peers o Cultures A group defined by behaviors, ideas, values, and traditions that's generationally passed Define norms Can be part of multiple functions o Individualist culture Prioritize independence Identity based off personal attitudes, goals, and preferences Am I happy? o Collectivist culture Prioritize interdependence Identity based on group What brings honor to the group? Socioeconomic status o