325
(AE, 11/8/2011
TSM Agron, AnS, BSE, BusAd, Econ)
Biorenewable Systems
Week 12 Session B
November 8, 2011
We are what we do, not what we think.
- Iain M. Banks
By the end of this session,
you should
Know how much cellulosic fuel we are legally
required to be using in the US over the next 10
years, and how much we make today
Be able to name 6 products in which Iowa leads
the nation
Be able to articulate the major criticisms with
conventional corn production
Name 3 ecosystem services provided by perennial
plants
Appreciate potential for perennial energy crops in
Iowa
1
11/8/2011
How many gallons of advanced
renewable fuels (not grain ethanol)
are required in the US by 2020?
A) 300,000
B) 3,000,000
C) 300,000,000
D)30,000,000,000
Bioenergy today
and Tomorrow
Renewable Fuels Standard 2 (RFS 2)
36 Billion Gallons
of Alternative
Fuel
2007 Energy
Independence and
Security Act
Production
required by 2010:
100 million gallons
Production online
today: nearly ZERO
4
2
11/8/2011
By the end of this session,
you should
Know how much cellulosic fuel we are legally
required to be using in the US over the next 10
years, and how much we make today
Be able to name 6 products in which Iowa leads
the nation
Be able to articulate the major criticisms with
conventional corn production
Name 3 ecosystem services provided by perennial
plants
Appreciate potential for perennial energy crops in
Iowa
How much land area is needed to
grow the 300 million tons of biomass
to produce 30 billion gallons of
ethanol?
3
11/8/2011
Expected Acreage of Energy Crops
Biomass needed
annually
1,000,000,000 Mg
Biomass yields range
5-40 Mg ha-1
Land area needed
annually = 25-200
million ha (~ 60 - 500
million acres)
What is Iowa doing to help?
4
11/8/2011
Iowa is #1!
Iowa leads the nation in the following:
1. Ethanol production
2. Hog production
3. Egg production
4. Corn production
5. Soybean production
6. Soil erosion
Source: USDA National Ag Statistics Survey; US Natural Resource
Conservation Service
By the end of this session,
you should
Know how much cellulosic fuel we are legally
required to be using in the US over the next 10
years, and how much we make today
Be able to name 6 products in which Iowa leads
the nation
Be able to articulate the major criticisms with
conventional corn production
Name 3 ecosystem services provided by perennial
plants
Appreciate potential for perennial energy crops in
Iowa
5
11/8/2011
Iowa lost 55 t/acre of SOIL in some
areas in 2008 (NRCS)
Corn and Carbon
12
6
11/8/2011
Corn and Water
13
Corn and Nitrogen
14
7
11/8/2011
By the end of this session,
you should
Know how much cellulosic fuel we are legally
required to be using in the US over the next 10
years, and how much we make today
Be able to name 6 products in which Iowa leads
the nation
Be able to articulate the major criticisms with
conventional corn production
Name 3 ecosystem services provided by perennial
plants
Appreciate potential for perennial energy crops in
Iowa
By the end of this session,
you should
Know how much cellulosic fuel we are legally
required to be using in the US over the next 10
years, and how much we make today
Be able to name 6 products in which Iowa leads
the nation
Be able to articulate the major criticisms with
conventional corn production
Name 3 ecosystem services provided by perennial
plants
Appreciate potential for perennial energy crops in
Iowa
8
11/8/2011
Cleaning up corn?
Integrating
perennial
vegetation can
capture water, soil,
nutrients, pests
How to capture
value from
perennials?
17
Source: Iowa NRCS
Multifunctional Agriculture
Source: Foley et al. 2005. Global consequences of land use. Science, 309:570-574
9
11/8/2011
Multifunctional Agriculture
Source: Foley et al. 2005. Global consequences of land use. Science, 309:570-574
Multifunctional Agriculture
Source: Foley et al. 2005. Global consequences of land use. Science, 309:570-574
10
11/8/2011
TTYP
Name 3 ecosystem services provided
by perennial plants in an ecosystem
Ecosystem Services from Perennials
Ground Habitat
Nutrient Cover
Wildlife Cycling
Water Cycling, Purification
Biodiversity
Disease Mitigation
Carbon Sequestration
Green House Gas Regulation
Soil Quality Enhancement
Biomass Crop Production
11
11/8/2011
By the end of this session,
you should
Know how much cellulosic fuel we are legally
required to be using in the US over the next 10
years, and how much we make today
Be able to name 6 products in which Iowa leads
the nation
Be able to articulate the major criticisms with
conventional corn production
Name 3 ecosystem services provided by perennial
plants
Appreciate potential for perennial energy crops in
Iowa
How can we use perennials in Iowa?
We can only grow corn and beans, right?
http://www.nrem.iastate.edu/research/STRIPs/research/index.php
12
11/8/2011
6 /1
6 / 2 /2
2 6 00
/2 8
00
8
7/
17
7 / /2
1
7 / 8 /2 0 0 8
1
7 / 9 /2 0 0 8
2
7 / 0 /2 0 0 8
2
7 / 1 /2 0 0 8
2
7 / 4 /2 0 0 8
2
7 / 7 /2 0 0 8
2
8 /1 8 /2 0 0 8
9 / 2 /2 0 0 8
1
9 / 2 /2 0 0 8
1
9 / 3 /2 0 0 8
2
1 9 /2 0 0 8
1 0 0 /6 / 0 0 8
2
1 0 /2 2 / 0 0 8
/2 4 2 0
1 1 /2 0 8
/6 0 0
/2 8
00
8
25000
20000
15000
10000
(b)
5000
100% Row-crop
10% Perennial Cover at Toe Slope
10% Perennial Cover in Contour Strips
20% Perennial Cover in Contour Strips
0
4/
1
4 / 0 /2
1
4 / 7 /2 0 0 8
1
4 / 8 /2 0 0 8
2
5 / 5 /2 0 0 8
2
5 /3 5 /2 0 0 8
00
6 / /2 0 0 8
3
6 / /2 008
5
6 / /2 0 0 8
6/ 08
6 20
6 /1/8 /2 0 8
0
6 / 2 /2 0 8
26 0 0
/2 8
7/ 0
7
7 / /2 008
7 / 8 /2 0 8
10
7 / 7 /2 0 8
1
7 / 8 /2 0 0 8
1
7 / 9 /2 0 0 8
2
7 / 0 /2 0 0 8
21 0 0
7 / /2 8
2
7 / 4 /2 0 0 8
2
7 / 7 /2 0 0 8
2
8 /1 8 /2 0 0 8
9 / 2 /2 0 0 8
1
9 / 2 /2 0 0 8
1
9 / 3 /2 0 0 8
29 0 0
1 /2 8
1 0 0 /6 / 0 0 8
2
1 0 /2 2 / 0 0 8
/2 4 2 0
1 1 /2 0 8
/6 0 0
/2 8
00
8
C u m u la tiv e
s e d im e n t e x p o rt (lb a c re -1 )
4/
1
4 / 0 /2
1
4 / 7 /2 0 0 8
1
4 / 8 /2 0 0 8
2
5 / 5 /2 0 0 8
2
5 /3 5 /2 0 0 8
0 / 00 8
20
08
Putting 10% of a field in perennials
reduces runoff
Asbjornsen H., Helmers M. et al., (2009). Integration of Water, Nutrient
and Carbon Cycling Under Diverse Annual Perennial Plant Community
Systems in Agricultural Landscapes (E2004-14)
http://www.nrem.iastate.edu/research/STRIPs/research/index.php
25
10% of cropland in Miscanthus
supplies biofuel target
Giant Grass Miscanthus Can Meet US Biofuels
Goal Using Less Land Than Corn Or
Switchgrass
ScienceDaily (Aug. 4, 2008)
In the largest field trial of
its kind in the United States,
researchers have determined
that the giant perennial grass
Miscanthus x giganteus
outperforms current biofuels
sources by a lot.
Switchgrass and Miscanthus
Urbana, IL
Photo courtesy Matt Liebman
Heaton, Dohleman and Long (2008). Meeting US biofuel goals with
less land: the potential of Miscanthus. Global Change Biology 14,
1-15.
26
13
11/8/2011
Land Required for Corn vs. Miscanthus
Heaton, Dohleman and Long (2008). Meeting
US biofuel goals with less land: the potential of
Miscanthus. Global Change Biology 14, 1-15.
27
TTYP: Can we afford to put 10% of
crop land into dedicated biomass
crops? Why or why not?
14
11/8/2011
Iowa Oat Production
7000
Thousands of acres planted
6000
5000
4000
3000
Oats
2000
1000
2009
2004
1999
1994
1989
1984
1979
1974
1969
1964
1959
1954
1949
1944
1939
1934
1929
0
USDA National Ag. Statistics Survey http://www.nass.usda.gov/QuickStats/PullData_US.jsp
25
Percent of 2008 farm land in oats, IA
20
15
10
5
1929
1932
1935
1938
1941
1944
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
0
USDA National Ag. Statistics Survey http://www.nass.usda.gov/QuickStats/PullData_US.jsp
15
11/8/2011
By the end of this session,
you should
Know how much cellulosic fuel we are legally
required to be using in the US over the next 10
years, and how much we make today
Be able to name 6 products in which Iowa leads
the nation
Be able to articulate the major criticisms with
conventional corn production
Name 3 ecosystem services provided by perennial
plants
Appreciate potential for perennial energy crops in
Iowa
Lets Take a Break!
16