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Cardiovascular Diseases
Course: ZOOLOGY 152, Spring 2011School: Wisconsin
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Biology AP Cardiovascular Diseases 1) Atherosclerosis Caused by the buildup of cholesterol within arteries. 2) Hypertension High blood pressure It can result in other cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Heart 3) attack The death of heart muscles tissues because of deficient oxygen 4) Stroke The death of nervous tissue in the brain Usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the...
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Biology AP Cardiovascular Diseases 1) Atherosclerosis Caused by the buildup of cholesterol within arteries. 2) Hypertension High blood pressure It can result in other cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Heart 3) attack The death of heart muscles tissues because of deficient oxygen 4) Stroke The death of nervous tissue in the brain Usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head
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Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Circulation of Blood in Human 1) Complete Pathway of Circulation2) Highest pressure & lowest pressure a) Left ventricle - highest blood pressure b) Vena cava - lowest blood pressure 3) Valves the thin layer which makes the blood not flow back.
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Different Types of Circulatory Systems - The Survey of different types of circulation 1) Primitive levels of organisms (Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms.) simple diffusion through the simple wall. 2) After primitive levels of organisms, the organ
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Human's Digestive System Main Pathway: Mouth Esophagus Stomach Duodenum Small Intestine Large Intestine Anus1) Mouth (1st Carbohydrate Digestion) a) The food is broken down into small pieces by teeth (Mechanical Digestion) b) Amylase is involv
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Main Stages of Food Processing 4 Main Stages of Food Processing: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination1) Ingestion: The act of eating; mechanical work 2) Digestion: The processing of breaking down the food (polymers) into small mol
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Nourishment Key Terms for Nourishment a) Undernourishment: The condition in which is not enough CALORIES. b) Overnourishment: The condition in which is too much excessive CALORIES (Obesity) c) Malnourishment: The condition in which lacks of ESS
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Connective Tissues Connective Tissues = Tissues that have significant roles of connecting something1) Bones a) Consist of mainly calcium and phosphorus; very hard skeleton structure b) Made from osteoblasts c) Located at very inside of the bod
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Epithelial Tissues 1) Key terms for Understanding a) Shapes Cuboidal = Dice Columnar = Bricks Squamous = Flat Floor Tiles b) Number of Layers Simple = One layer Stratified = Multiple layers Pseudostratified = Not quite multiple layers 2) Epithe
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Balancing Heat Loss and Gain Three Features in the way where all vertebrates control their body temperatures a) A source of heat for the body b) A way to conserve that heat c) A method of eliminating excess heat when necessary1) Insulation = T
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Endotherm & Ectotherm 1) Endotherm (BMR) and Ectotherm (SMR) - Metabolic rate: The amount of energy being used by animal in a unit of time (cal, kcal) - We do not use "cold-blooded" and "warm-blooded" to describe endotherm and ectotherm ever in
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Human's Thermoregulation 1) Human is mainly endotherm & conformer (an animal which controls its heat on their own) 2) Set point is 36-38 Celsius; this is controlled by hypothalamus (thermostat) 3) If the body temperature is way too low, a) Body
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Calcium Level in the Blood The calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood is controlled by the parathyroid glands (located in the surface of thyroid) and thyroid glands Two main peptide hormones are involved: Calcitonin from thyroid and PTH (Parathyroid
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Endocrine System & Hormones 1) Endocrine System = The internal system of communication involving hormones a) The ductless glands secrete hormones into interstitial fluid (blood stream) b) Interact with nervous system c) Maintain internal regula
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Feedback Mechanism Feedback = a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. In essence, it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland 1) Hypothalamus a) Plays a central role in integrating the endocrine system & nervous system b) Secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary & releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary - Pituitary Gla
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Other Hormones 1) Melatonin a) Produced by pineal gland b) Amine hormones c) Involved in biological rhythms d) Regulated by light/dark cycles 2) Androgens a) Produced by gonads (testis) b) Steroid hormones c) Sperm production d) Promote male se
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Signaling Pathway in Hormones 1) Intercellular Communication by Secreted Molecules Local Signaling = Secreted molecules that act over short distances and reach their target cells solely by diffusion a) Endocrine Signaling = Secreted molecules d
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Stress Response Stress response is controlled by adrenal gland There are two different types of stresses: short-term stress and long-term stress Depending on the type of stress, different regions of adrenal gland responds1) Short-term Stress R
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Sugar Level in the Blood The glucose (sugar) level in the blood is controlled by pancreas, specifically the region called islets of Langerhans Two main peptide hormones are involved: insulin and glucagon1) If the sugar level in the blood is hi
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Thyroid Hormones (Thyroxine): Metabolism Two main functions: metabolism & calcium level (discussed in later for this one) This works by the interaction of T3 (Triiodothyronine) & T4 (Thyroxine) T4 works by removing one iodine atom; this is conv
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Different Types of Skeletal Systems 1) Hydrostatic Skeletons a) Have fluids in the closed room under constant pressure b) Found in worms c) Well suited for life in aquatic environments d) Cannot support terrestrial activities 2) Exoskeletons a)
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Muscle Contraction Complete Process of Muscle Contraction (Sliding-Filament Model) 1) Neurotransmitters are released from motor neuron (Acetylcholine); they are diffused at the synaptic terminal 2) Action Potential is propagated through the cel
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Muscle Tissues Muscle Tissues = Consist of proteins (myosin and actins) Most abundant types of tissues in the body Controls movement either involuntarily or voluntarily Three Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles 1) Skeletal Muscles = At
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Action Potential Action Potentials = A voltage that lets the signals conducted by axons `All-None' Law = either the action potential is reached or action potential is reached based on the membrane potential reached up to the threshold a) Thresh
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Classification of Nervous System 1) Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System a) Central Nervous System (CNS) = Brain + Longitudinal nerve cord = Interpret and analyze the information = Cased in the bone for protection b) Peripheral Ne
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Communications at Synapses Synapses = a little tiny gap where neurons use to communicate with one another Two Types of Synapses: Electrical Synapses and Chemical Synapses a) Electrical Synapses = electrical current between cells by a type of ga
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Evolution of Nervous System 1) Phylum Cnidarians (i.e Hydra) a) Nerve nets are spread throughout the body; they control gastrovascular cavities b) Exhibits radial symmetries 2) Phylum Echinodermata (i.e Starfish) a) Radial nerves and much more
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Information Processing Three Different Types of Neurons * Sensory Neurons = Sends the external & internal stimuli to the integrating center * Interneurons = Analyze and integrate the information from the sensory neurons * Motor neurons = Sends
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters = Any substance that makes the neurons able to communicate with one another; mainly derived from amino acids 1) Acetylcholine a) Skeletal muscle = nicotinic AchR receptor; causes depolarization by opening sod
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Resting Potential Key Terms * Membrane Potential = A difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane * Resting Potential = A membrane potential when the neuron doesn't send a signal. = Approximately between -60 mV and -80 mV = Controll
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Structures of Neurons Neurons = the most, basic functional unit of the nervous system. * Chemical signal = Neurotransmitters * Electrical signal = Voltage-gated channels Parts of Neurons-a) Dendrites = Receive signals by ion-gated channels; v
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Sensory Receptors & Pathways All the stimuli are forms of energies and they are transformed so that the CNS can interpret in Sensation and Perception 1) Sensation: the simple process of getting the stimuli such as vision, smell 2) Perception: t
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Smell & Taste 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Smell and tastes are senses that depend on specific chemical receptors; this makes two senses dependent on one another The significance of G-protein coupled receptors is that G-proteins can amplify the signals throu
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Vision & Vertebrate Eye The Structure of an Vertebrate Eye1) Cornea & Sclera = protects an eye structure and very transparent 2) Iris = controls the amount of light that passes through 3) Retina = contains visionary cells a) Rods = detect blac
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Endosymbiotic Theory (Endosymbiosis) 1) Background Information a) This theory explains how the eukaryotic organisms are originated from prokaryotic cells with specific evidence b) Mitochondria & plastids (anything similar to chloroplasts) in th
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Alternation of Generations 1) Alternation of Generations = All plants have a life cycle with two multicellular stages a) Haploid gametophyte is a part of the plant that produces gametes (such as sperms or eggs) by undergoing mitosis b) Fertiliz
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Adaptations of Land plants Land plants (Embryophytes) are really similar to the green algae called charophytes; they have common ancestors and that is why.- Exploring Derived Traits of land Plants 1) Alternation of Generations & Multicellular
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Seedless Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes) 1) Characteristics a) The extant land plant that is the most closest to the plants from water (algae) b) 3 phyla of herbaceous (non-woody plants): Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta), hornworts (Phylum Antho
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Seedless Vascular Plants Began to evolve during the Carboniferous period Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses), Pterophytes (Horsetails),1) Origins & Traits of Vascular Plants a) Life Cycles with Dominant Sporophytes Start to have branched sporophyte
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Gametophyte & Sporophyte Relationships 1) Mosses & Nonvascular Plants a) Dominant Gatetophyte b) Reduced, dependent sporophyte 2) Ferns & Seedless Vascular Plants a) Dominant Sporophyte b) Reduced Gametophyte 3) Gymnosperms a) Microscopic Femal
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Life Cycle of Gymnosperm 1) Brief Overview of Key Features of Gymnosperms a) Naked-seed (on the cones) b) Windblown seed; therefore relatively light seeds c) Fertilization occurs only once, which means double fertilization does not occur 2) Key
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Flower 1) What is flower? Flower = A specialized organ for sexual reproduction in angiosperm; pollinated by wind or animals Made out of modified sporophytes (leaves) with microscopic gametophytes inside Key adaptation of angiosperm along with f
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Fruits Fruits = A well-developed ovary by hormonal change after fertilization for mainly dispersion Led to the success of the angiosperms along with flowers1) Simple Fruit Figure 1 a) A simple fruit develops from a single carpel or several fus
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Life Cycle of Angiosperms 1) Generalized Life Cycle2) What are angiosperms? a) Angiosperms = Flowering plants b) Appeared approx. 300 million years ago c) Most extant plant species d) Most diverse land plants3) Explanation on how this cycle w
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Plant's Genome & Bioengineering Plants are easier to genetically modify compared to the animals because the genes can be exchanged with not exactly same species, but close species (relatives) The plants that have transgenic genes are so said to
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Basic Overview of Plant Structures - For the plant system, we can divide into either shoot system or root system Figure 1 1) Shoot system = the part that is above the ground a) Stem = transport substances via vascular tissues; attach leaves Nod
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Primary Growth of Plants Main purpose = to elongate the plants vertically Meristems contribute to the growth of the plants Meristems = any embryonic tissue that generates cells Especially, apical meristems are involved in the primary growth of
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Secondary Growth of Plants 1) Main purpose = to enlarge (widen) in diameters; adds girth to stems and stems in woody plants 2) Works by the interaction of two cambiums: vascular cambium and cork cambium Vascular Cambium = Adds secondary xylem (
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division 1) Different Planes Figure 1 a) Cell division in the same plane = produce a single file of cell b) Cell division in three planes = generate a cube 2) Asymmetrical cell division = unequal distribution of cytop
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Water Potential To survive plants must balance water uptake and loss, osmosis determines the net uptake or water loss by a cell. Osmosis = The movement of water from high concentration to low concentration; concentration does not refer to how m
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Short Distance of Transport in Plants 1) Proton Pumps Figure 1 a) Proton pumps pump hydrogen ions out of the cell with an input of energy (ATP) b) This charge difference is called membrane potential; it can be used to drive the transport of oth
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Different Methods of Transport 1) Three Major Pathways = provides short-distance transport within plant tissues Figure 1 a) Apoplast = The continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces b) Symplast = The continuum of cytosol connected by plas
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Transport of Water and Minerals (Transpiration) Transpiration = The loss of water vapor from the plant body (mainly shoot systems)1) From Root hairs Xylem Figure 1 a) Water and minerals are absorbed by either apoplastic routes or symplastic ro
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Transports of Sugars (Translocation) 1) Background Information a) Phloem Sap = The aqueous solution that flows through sieve-tubes b) Most prevalent solutes are sugars (sucrose), but can contain other solutes (i.g amino acids, hormones, and min
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Plant's Nutrients and Soil 1) Soils = Hold the plants in space and a source of water and minerals 2) Mechanisms: How the Plants Absorb Minerals Figure 1 a) Transport proteins are vital to transport nutrients (see other notes) Ion channels (pass
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Auxins 1) General Background & Characteristics for Auxins Figure 1 a) Also known as IAA b) Produced from apical meristems (young parts of the plants) c) Various functions: Response to the light (phototropism) and elongations 2) Inquiry 1 Figure
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
AP Biology Other Plant Hormones 1) Cytokinins = Cell division and apical dominance 2) Gibberellins (GA) = Differentiations of other cells during normal growths a) After the imbibition of water, the embryo releases GA b) This GA sends the signal to the ale
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
Chapter 29 Notes (Primitive Land Plants)AP Biology & Honors Human Anatomy 1. Adaptations to the land a. Apical meristems the elongation of the roots b. Alternations of generation (sporophytes and gametophytes it will be discussed later.) c. Walled spores
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
Chapter 30 Notes (Seed Vascular Plants)AP Biology & Honors Human Anatomy 1. The Significance of Seeds a. Seed is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat. b. Embryos contain nutrients (food supply AKA endosperm) they
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
Chapter 35 Notes (Basic Structures of Plants)AP Biology & Honors Human Anatomy 1. Three basic organs (Leaves, stems, and roots) a. Shoot System - the part that is above the ground i. Stem Main roles - Transport of substance - Leaves are attached Classifi
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
Chapter 36 Notes (Transport in Plants)AP Biology & Honors Human Anatomy 1. Basic Overview of Transport Osmotic pressure decreases Water and minerals from the soil Root Hairs Endodermis Xylem Leaves Store foods to the soil Root Hairs Endodermis Phloem Tra
Wisconsin - ZOOLOGY - 152
Chapter 39 Notes (Plant's Response to External and Internal Signals)AP Biology & Honors Human Anatomy 1. Basic Mechanism of Plant Response Signal Transduction Pathway (KNOW GENERAL CONCEPT FOR SALDAMANDO'S CLASS!) a. The step(s) between a plant's percept