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6 Pages
Lecture 5
Course: PSYCH 202, Fall 2010School: University of...
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distances,carryinfobetweennervecells StructureoftheNeuronthinkofyourhand 3mainpieces:axon,dendrites,andthesoma Axontail Dendritesfingerlikeprojections,branches Somainthecenter,cellbody Myelinsheathglmall,somecovershortandsomecoverlongdistances,mostlyshort 03:08 ThestuffoftheBrain Nervecells(neurons)halfofthemassofthebrain TypesofNeurons Sensoryneuronsafferent,carryinformationtothebrain...
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distances,carryinfobetweennervecells
StructureoftheNeuronthinkofyourhand
3mainpieces:axon,dendrites,andthesoma
Axontail
Dendritesfingerlikeprojections,branches
Somainthecenter,cellbody
Myelinsheathglmall,somecovershortandsomecoverlongdistances,mostlyshort 03:08
ThestuffoftheBrain
Nervecells(neurons)halfofthemassofthebrain
TypesofNeurons
Sensoryneuronsafferent,carryinformationtothebrain
Motorneuronsefferent,carryinformationawayfromthebrain
Interneuronssialcellthatservesasinsulationontheaxon
Speedsupcommunication
Withoutit,signalsformthebraintothebodyareslower
AxonHillockwhereaxonjoinsthesoma
NodeofRanvierspacesbetweenmyelin
Glialcellsholdnervecellsinplace,providenutrients,smallerthannervecells,take
awaywasteproducts,supportcells
Wecanonlyprovecausationwhenwemanipulatetheindependentvariable
Ifthereisacorrelationthenthereisassociation
NeuronalCommunicationanelectrochemicalprocess
Chemicalsproducechangesinthenervecellselectricalpotential
positiveandnegativeionscanmakethecelleither+or
Electricalchangesinthecellresultinthereleaseofchemicalswhichthenimpactthe
electricalstateofothernervecells
NeuronatRest
Restingpotential=70mV
Ionsflowacrossthecellmembraneatdifferentrates
Differenceinflowleadstoahigherconcentrationofnegativelychargedionsinsidethe
cellwhichmeansthatthecellispolarized
Theinsideofthecellisnegativeascomparedtotheoutsidethereforeithasanet
negativechargeatrest
Semipermeablemembraneiskeepingthechargesapartandmakingiteithereasyor
hardforthemtogetthrough
Restingneuronwillreceivemessagesfromotherneurons,somewillmakeitmore
negativeandsomewilldepolarizeitandmakeitlessnegative
PostsynapticPotentials(PSP)Gradedpotentials
Anendingafterthesynapse
Electricalchangesinthereceivingnervecell
Voltagechangeatareceptorsitonapostsynapticcellmembrane
Increaseordecreasetheprobabilityofanactionpotentialinthereceivingcell
ExcitatoryPSPdepolarizes,lessnegative,increasingthelikelihoodofitsending
anothersignaltothenextnervecell
InhibitoryPSPhyperpolarizes,morenegative,decreasingthelikelihoodofitsending
anothersignaltothenextnervecell
Thresholdtheminimumstimulationneededto
ActionPotentialvoltagespike,firingoftheneuron
Cellmembranebecomestemporarilypermeable,positiveionsrushinchangingthe
doesnt,thereisnoinbetween,theyareeitherofforsendingasignal
NeuronalCommunicationtheelectricalpart
restingpotential
InhibitoryandExcitatoryPostsynapticPotentials(IPSPsandEPSPs)
AxonHillock
ActionPoten
polarizationandthecellisdepolarized
Allornoneprinciplewhenaneuronhasreachedthethresholditeitherfiresorittialtheneuronfires
Triggersthereleaseofneurotransmitter
CommunicationbetweenNeurons
Synapses
NeuronsDONOTtoucheachother
Sherringtonsynapse
Theimpulsemusttravelacrossthesynapse
OttoLoewichemicalmessengers,provedthatnervecellscommunicatedwithone
another
Synapses
Structureofthesynapsethespaceisthesynapsepreandpostsynapticneuronsand
endings/receptors
Modifyingtheprocess
Agonistschemicalthatpretendstobeaneurotransmitterandbindswithareceptor,
interferesandincreasessignalingbetweentwonervecells
Antagonistsinterferewithchemicalcommunication
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine(ACh)foundinmusclesattheendsofefferentmotorneuronstriggering
musclestomove,andinthebraininregionsinvolvedinmemory,nicotinestimulates
Achreceptorsandfacilitatesmemoryabilitiesifyoublockreceptors,youbecome
paralyzed
Motorbehaviorandmemory
Norepinepherine(NE)playsaroleinarousalandmood
Dopamine(DA)involvedinpleasureandreward,involvedinmotorbehavior,motor
neuronsinthebrainuseittocommunicate,decreasesindopamineleadtoParkinsons
disease(slowerininitiatingmovements)
Serotoninplaysaroleinappetite,dreamingandmood
GABAprimaryinhibitoryneurotransmitterinthebrain
Glutamateprimaryexcitatoryneurotransmitterinthebrain
Endorphinsopiatesproducedbythebrain,makeyouhappy,andareinvolvedinpain
control(morphine)
TheNervousSystem
CentralNervousSystem(CNS)brainandspinalcord
PeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)
SomaticNervousSystemsensesandmuscles
AutonomicNervousSysteminternalorgans
SympatheticNervousSystemactivates
ParasympatheticNervousSystemcalms
Howdowelearnaboutbrainfunction?
Casestudiesexaminationofbrainsofdamagedindividuals
Animalstudies
Imagingstudieswithhumans
03:08
03:08
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