29, September 2011
GEOG 259
Exam: short answer, bluebook format.
LANDSCAPES OF CHANGE (from colonies to nations)
Background:
- Americas were basically just a conglomeration of empires and colonies, and not countries
- Early 1800s: Latin American countries gain independence.
- Mid 1700s to 1820s things started to change in the relationship between colonies and the
rest of the world. Independence wars.
- These colonies did not feel they were fairly represented and wanted to help govern
economic relationships. Can we have more power in our relationships?
Independence
- Haiti 1791: first act of independence
- Venezuela (juntas) 1810
- Peru-one of the last countries to achieve formal independence. Creoles wanted to separate
themselves from rest of population.
o Tupac Amaru (1780-81)
o Creoles (1821-1824)
- Brazil: independent empire 1822-1889
- Nasty, prolonged independence wars, lots of political backstabbing and violence.
Casta paintings
- Representing societies in the midst of the developing of racial mixing Latin Aamerica.
- Check them out, they show the daily lives of mixed peeps.
- Takes an almost biological look at the racial mixing. Labeling people certain races and
then labeling the baby as the product between them.
- Trying to establish an order, not mocking the system
Core-Periphery Relationships
Spain
- Trading monopolies attacked Spains position in Europe
o Bourbon reforms (1700s)
o Were critiques against the Church (found it to be lazy and just survives by feeding
off others), increase taxes to support the royal treasury, reconquer the colonies
o TIGHTEN GRIP ON THE COLONIES
o Reforms failed
Periphery
- Contraband trade
- Growing creole aristocracy
- Increase in sense of an American identity
- Where do creoles fit?
Outside Spanish Colonies
- Effects of Colombian exchange on European industrialization (18th-19th) centuries.
- Subversive colonies/people
o Popular sovereignty, natural rightsnew identities
o French revolution 1789-1799
o American Revolutionary War 1775-1783, these rebellions fueled the South
Americans thought for independence.
o there BUT was a contradiction between theory and reality
- French invasion of Iberian peninsula (1807-1808)
o Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain, a French guy
o Portugal, monarchy moves to Brazil. Transferring center of monarchy to Brazil.
o Juntas: Transition to liberal model of government (but not yet for Brazil),
because the creoles in the colonies did not want to see a frenchie in the kings
seat. Wanted to be ruled by themselves or actual Spaniards.
o Cabildos (individual creoles with lots of political presence) and caudillas
Changes in political order of Europe
- 1815: Holy Alliance
o Russia, Austria, Prussia coalition to protect sovereign monarchs from subversives
o Want Spain to maintain grip on the Americas.
o Fizzled out by 1825
- Great Britain and French pissed
o US Response1823 MONROE DOCTRINE this is our hemisphere, stay out of
here. US will not concern itself with European affairs
o Monroe continued: Spanish rule upon the American continent is forbidden
o No European power may extend its political system beyond its present limits in
either of the Americas
o America are no longer open to colonization by a European power.
Haiti (1789-40% of worlds sugar, 8:1 slave to free ratio)
- 1791-1803 Revolution
- First independent republic governed by people of African heritage
o Continuity and change in social structure
- Napoleon attempts to re-enslave people because Haiti was the sugar cow for France
- Recognized Independence from France in 1834, and US in 1862
Mexico Independence War 1810
- 1808 Napoleon invades Spain
- Creole Leadership
o Liberty, equality, democracy (French philosophy)
- US war of independence
Brazil
- King Joao VI flees Portugal, goes to Brazil (1808), keeps it a monarch. Was still a seed of
government, still not an independent country.
- Emperor Pedro I, first monarch of Brazil (1822)
- Regency years (1831-1840) decentralized authority
o Conservative decolonization
- 1840: monarchy again
- Republic of Brazil in 1889
MeanwhileSpanish and US territorial reordering with the Louisiana Purchase
Gadsden Purchase