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31 Pages
02_SBE11e_PPT_Ch02b
Course: BUAD 2060, Spring 2012School: Toledo
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Word Count: 1876
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by John Loucks St. Slides Edwards University 2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart. Slide 1 Chapter2,PartB DescriptiveStatistics: TabularandGraphicalPresentations s ExploratoryDataAnalysis:StemandLeafDisplay s CrosstabulationandScatterDiagram 2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied...
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by
John
Loucks
St. Slides Edwards
University
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
1
Chapter2,PartB
DescriptiveStatistics:
TabularandGraphicalPresentations
s
ExploratoryDataAnalysis:StemandLeafDisplay
s
CrosstabulationandScatterDiagram
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
2
ExploratoryDataAnalysis
Thetechniquesofexploratorydataanalysisconsistof
simplearithmeticandeasytodrawpicturesthatcan
beusedtosummarizedataquickly.
n
Onesuchtechniqueisthestemandleafdisplay.
n
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
3
StemandLeafDisplay
Astemandleafdisplayshowsboththerankorder
andshapeofthedistributionofthedata.
n
Itissimilartoahistogramonitsside,butithasthe
advantageofshowingtheactualdatavalues.
n
Thefirstdigitsofeachdataitemarearrangedtothe
leftofaverticalline.
n
Totherightoftheverticallinewerecordthelast
digitforeachiteminrankorder.
n
Eachlineinthedisplayisreferredtoasastem.
n
Eachdigitonastemisaleaf.
n
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
4
Example:HudsonAutoRepair
ThemanagerofHudsonAutowouldliketogaina
betterunderstandingofthecostofpartsusedinthe
enginetuneupsperformedintheshop.Sheexamines
50customerinvoicesfortuneups.Thecostsofparts,
roundedtothenearestdollar,arelistedonthenext
slide.
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
5
StemandLeafDisplay
Example:HudsonAutoRepair
n
SampleofPartsCost($)for50Tuneups
91
71
104
85
62
78
69
74
97
82
93
72
62
88
98
57
89
68
68
101
75
66
97
83
79
52
75
105
68
105
99
79
77
71
79
80
75
65
69
69
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
97
72
80
67
62
62
76
109
74
73
Slide
6
StemandLeafDisplay
Example:HudsonAutoRepair
n
5
6
7
8
9
10
astem
27
2222567888999
1122344555678999
0023589
1377789
14559
aleaf
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
7
StretchedStemandLeafDisplay
Ifwebelievetheoriginalstemandleafdisplayhas
condensedthedatatoomuch,wecanstretchthe
displayverticallybyusingtwostemsforeach
leadingdigit(s).
n
Wheneverastemvalueisstatedtwice,thefirstvalue
correspondstoleafvaluesof04,andthesecond
valuecorrespondstoleafvaluesof59.
n
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
8
StretchedStemandLeafDisplay
Example:HudsonAutoRepair
n
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
2
7
2222
567888999
1122344
555678999
0023
589
13
77789
14
559
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
9
StemandLeafDisplay
n
LeafUnits
Asingledigitisusedtodefineeachleaf.
Intheprecedingexample,theleafunitwas1.
Leafunitsmaybe100,10,1,0.1,andsoon.
Wheretheleafunitisnotshown,itisassumed
toequal1.
Theleafunitindicateshowtomultiplythestem
andleafnumbersinordertoapproximatethe
originaldata.
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
10
Example:LeafUnit=0.1
Ifwehavedatawithvaluessuchas
8.6
11.7
9.4 9.1 10.2
11.0
8.8
astemandleafdisplayofthesedatawillbe
LeafUnit=0.1
8 68
9 14
10 2
11 07
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
11
Example:LeafUnit=10
Ifwehavedatawithvaluessuchas
1806
1717
1974
1791
1682
1910
1838
astemandleafdisplayofthesedatawillbe
LeafUnit=10
16 8
17 19
18 03
19 17
The82in1682
isroundeddown
to80andis
representedasan8.
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
12
CrosstabulationsandScatterDiagrams
Thusfarwehavefocusedonmethodsthatareused
tosummarizethedataforonevariableatatime.
n
Oftenamanagerisinterestedintabularand
graphicalmethodsthatwillhelpunderstandthe
relationshipbetweentwovariables.
n
Crosstabulationandascatterdiagramaretwo
methodsforsummarizingthedatafortwovariables
simultaneously.
n
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
13
Crosstabulation
Acrosstabulationisatabularsummaryofdatafor
twovariables.
n
n
Crosstabulationcanbeusedwhen:
onevariableisqualitativeandtheotheris
quantitative,
bothvariablesarequalitative,or
bothvariablesarequantitative.
Theleftandtopmarginlabelsdefinetheclassesfor
thetwovariables.
n
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
14
Crosstabulation
n
Example:FingerLakesHomes
ThenumberofFingerLakeshomessoldforeach
styleandpriceforthepasttwoyearsisshownbelow.
quantitative
variable
Price
Range
categorical
variable
HomeStyle
ColonialLogSplitAFrame
<$200,000 1861912
>$200,000 1214163
Total
30 203515
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Total
55
45
100
Slide
15
Crosstabulation
n
Example:FingerLakesHomes
InsightsGainedfromPrecedingCrosstabulation
Thegreatestnumberofhomes(19)inthesample
areasplitlevelstyleandpricedatlessthan
$200,000.
OnlythreehomesinthesampleareanAFrame
styleandpricedat$200,000ormore.
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
16
Crosstabulation
n
Example:FingerLakesHomes
Price
Range
Frequency
distribution
forthe
pricerange
variable
HomeStyle
ColonialLogSplitAFrame
<$200,000 1861912
>$200,000 1214163
Total
30 203515
Total
55
45
100
Frequencydistributionfor
thehomestylevariable
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
17
Crosstabulation:RoworColumnPercentages
n Convertingtheentriesinthetableintorowpercentagesor
columnpercentagescanprovideadditionalinsightabout
therelationshipbetweenthetwovariables.
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
18
Crosstabulation:RowPercentages
n
Example:FingerLakesHomes
Price
Range
HomeStyle
ColonialLogSplitAFrame
<$200,000 32.7310.9134.5521.82
>$200,000 26.6731.1135.566.67
Total
100
100
Note:rowtotalsareactually100.01duetorounding.
(Colonialand>$200K)/(All>$200K)x100=(12/45)x100
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
19
Crosstabulation:ColumnPercentages
n
Example:FingerLakesHomes
Price
Range
HomeStyle
ColonialLogSplitAFrame
<$200,000 60.0030.0054.2980.00
>$200,000 40.0070.0045.7120.00
Total
100
100100100
(Colonialand>$200K)/(AllColonial)x100=(12/30)x100
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
20
Crosstabulation:SimpsonsParadox
Dataintwoormorecrosstabulationsareoften
aggregatedtoproduceasummarycrosstabulation.
n
Wemustbecarefulindrawingconclusionsaboutthe
relationshipbetweenthetwovariablesinthe
aggregatedcrosstabulation.
n
Insomecasestheconclusionsbaseduponan
aggregatedcrosstabulationcanbecompletely
reversedifwelookattheunaggregateddata.The
reversalofconclusionsbasedonaggregateand
unaggregateddataiscalledSimpsonsparadox.
n
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
21
ScatterDiagramandTrendline
Ascatterdiagramisagraphicalpresentationofthe
relationshipbetweentwoquantitativevariables.
n
Onevariableisshownonthehorizontalaxisand
theothervariableisshownontheverticalaxis.
n
Thegeneralpatternoftheplottedpointssuggests
theoverallrelationshipbetweenthevariables.
n
Atrendlineprovidesanapproximationofthe
relationship.
n
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
22
ScatterDiagram
n APositiveRelationship
y
x
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
23
ScatterDiagram
n ANegativeRelationship
y
x
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
24
ScatterDiagram
n NoApparentRelationship
y
x
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
25
ScatterDiagram
n Example:PanthersFootballTeam
ThePanthersfootballteamisinterestedin
investigatingtherelationship,ifany,between
interceptionsmadeandpointsscored.
x=Numberof
Interceptions
1
3
2
1
3
y=Numberof
PointsScored
14
24
18
17
30
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
26
ScatterDiagram
NumberofPointsScored
35
y
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
NumberofInterceptions
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
4
x
Slide
27
Example:PanthersFootballTeam
n
InsightsGainedfromthePrecedingScatterDiagram
Thescatterdiagramindicatesapositiverelationship
betweenthenumberofinterceptionsandthe
numberofpointsscored.
Higherpointsscoredareassociatedwithahigher
numberofinterceptions.
Therelationshipisnotperfect;allplottedpointsin
thescatterdiagramarenotonastraightline.
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
28
ScatterDiagramandTrendline
Scatter Diagram for the Panthers
35
Number of
Points Scored.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
Number of Interceptions
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
4
Slide
29
TabularandGraphicalMethods
Data
CategoricalData
Tabular
Methods
Frequency
Distribution
Rel.Freq.Dist.
PercentFreq.
Distribution
Crosstabulation
QuantitativeData
Graphical
Methods
BarChart
PieChart
Tabular
Methods
Frequency
Distribution
Rel.Freq.Dist.
%Freq.Dist.
Cum.Freq.Dist.
Cum.Rel.Freq.
Distribution
Cum.%Freq.
Distribution
Crosstabulation
Graphical
Methods
DotPlot
Histogram
Ogive
Stemand
LeafDisplay
Scatter
Diagram
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
30
EndofChapter2,PartB
2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbescanned,copied
orduplicated,orpostedtoapubliclyaccessiblewebsite,inwholeorinpart.
Slide
31
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Toledo - BUAD - 2050
Demo Chapter 3Jeff Jamail is evaluating a business opportunity to sell cookware at trade shows. Mr.Jamail can buy the cookware at a wholesale cost of $210 per set. He plans to sell thecookware for $350 per set. He estimates fixed costs such as plane fa
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
In-Class Exercises - Chapter 5Exercise 5-1BClassifying the costs of unit-, batch-, product-, or facility-level activitiesLO 3Tucker Manufacturing is developing an activity-based costing system to improveoverhead cost allocation. One of the first step
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
In-Class Exercises - Chapter 6Exercise 6-5ANorman Concrete Company pours concrete slabs for single-family dwellings. WayneConstruction Company, which operates outside Norman's normal sales territory, asksNorman to pour 40 slabs for Wayne's new develop
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
Exercise 1-2AIdentifying product versus general, selling, and administrativecostsLO 2,3ProductCostRequired: Indicate whether each of the following costs should be classified as aproduct cost or as a selling, general, and administrative cost.Selli
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
In-Class ExercisesConnectExercise 2-1BExercise 2-1BIdentifying cost behavior LO 1Parker Copies Company provides professionalcopying services to customers through the 35 copystores it operates in the southwestern United States.Each store employs a
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
Demo Chapter 4Exercise 4-2 BDirect versus indirect costsLO 2Kenta and Associates, LLP, is an accounting firm that provides two major types ofprofessional services: (1) tax services as provided by the tax department and (2) auditingservices as provid
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
Practice ExamMID TERM # 2Cost Accounting,Tracing, Allocation & Systems2. JP Manufacturing Co. produces two products. Theproducts' identified costs are as follows:Product AProduct BDirect Materials$18,000+$16,000= 34,000Direct Labor$10,000$2
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
University of ToledoBUAD 2050 - Fall 2011Practice Exam Final1. During 2010, Eddy Co. paid $16,000 for direct material, $17,000 in wages for production workers,and $24,000 in wages for sales personnel. Lease payments and utilities on the production fac
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
PRACTICE FINAL EXAMKey to ProblemsChapter 11. During 2010, Eddy Co. paid $16,000 for direct material,$17,000 in wages for production workers, and $24,000 in wagesfor sales personnel. Lease payments and utilities on theproduction facilities amounted
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
University of ToledoBUAD 2050 Fall 2011Practice Exam Midterm Exam 21. Calhoun Company makes two different products, Product X and Product Y indepartments named after the products. For example, Product X is made in DepartmentX. The rent paid on the ma
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
ReviewExam 2Wednesday October 26th25 MCQs @ 4 each = 100 Points+2 Bonus @ 2.5 eachCost Accounting:Tracing, Allocation & Systems Cost Accumulation Why?How much does it cost? (DM + DL + OH)How?Cost object Target: departments, products, Total co
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
ReviewExam 1Wednesday 9/21Chapters 1, 2 & 325 MCQs (Conceptual + Problems) @ 4 each =100 Points+Bonus 3 MCQs @ 2 Points eachAdviceRead chapters and notes.Redo demos, pre-built practice sets, end of chapter problems,and HW.Narrated slides, Self
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
ReviewBUAD 2050 - Final ExamWednesday December 14DC 10192:454:45 PM50 MCQs@ 3 eachChapterCh 1, 2, 3 & 6Ch 4(12) & 5Ch 7 & 8Ch 9 & 10=150 PointsQuestions4 each2 each10 each5 each50Chapter 1Management Accounting: A Value-AddedDiscipline
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
University of ToledoAccounting for Business DecisionsBUAD 2050 Fall 2011Study Guide Midterm 1Exam Instructions: Bring Aurora HC101X or B calculator, Photo ID, No. 2 pencils and eraser.All electronic devices must be put away in backpacks, purses, etc.
Toledo - BUAD - 2050
University of ToledoAccounting for Business DecisionsBUAD 2050 - Fall 2011Study Guide for Final ExamExam Date:Wednesday December 14th 2:45-4:45 pm in Driscoll Center 1019Exam Instructions: Bring Aurora HC101X or B calculator, Photo ID, No. 2 pencils